Therapeutic ureas

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to urea compounds that are muscarinic receptor antagonists and agonists, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of preparing these compounds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/456,170, filed Dec. 7, 1999.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] A receptor is a biological structure with one or more bindingdomains that reversibly complexes with one or more ligands, where thatcomplexation has biological consequences. Receptors can exist entirelyoutside the cell (extracellular receptors), within the cell membrane(but presenting sections of the receptor to the extracellular milieu andcytosol), or entirely within the cell (intracellular receptors). Theymay also function independently of a cell (e.g., clot formation).Receptors within the cell membrane allow a cell to communicate with thespace outside of its boundaries (i.e., signaling) as well as to functionin the transport of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

[0003] A ligand is a binding partner for a specific receptor or familyof receptors. A ligand may be the endogenous ligand for the receptor oralternatively may be a synthetic ligand for the receptor such as a drug,a drug candidate or a pharmacological tool.

[0004] The super family of seven transmembrane proteins (7-TMs), alsocalled G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), represents one of the mostsignificant classes of membrane bound receptors that communicate changesthat occur outside of the cell's boundaries to its interior, triggeringa cellular response when appropriate. The G-proteins, when activated,affect a wide range of downstream effector systems both positively andnegatively (e.g., ion channels, protein kinase cascades, transcription,transmigration of adhesion proteins, and the like).

[0005] Muscarinic receptors are members of the G-protein coupledreceptors that are composed of a family of five receptor sub-types (M₁,M₂, M₃, M₄ and M₅) and are activated by the neurotransmitteracetylcholine. These receptors are widely distributed on multiple organsand tissues and are critical to the maintenance of central andperipheral cholinergic neurotransmission. The regional distribution ofthese receptor subtypes in the brain and other organs has beendocumented (Bonner, T. I. et al., Science (Washington D.C.) 1987, 237,527-532; Goyal, R. K., J. Med., 1989, 321, 1022; Hulme, E. C., et al.,Annu. Rev. harmacol. Toxicol. 1990, 30, 633; and Eglen, R. M. and Hegde,S. S., Drug News Perspect. 1997, 10(8), 462-469). For example, thesmooth muscle is composed largely of M₂ and M₃ receptors, cardiac muscleis composed largely of M₂ receptors, and salivary glands are largelycomposed of M₃ receptors.

[0006] It has been established that the muscarinic receptors areinvolved in diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, rhinitis,spasmodic colitis, chronic cystitis, and alzheimer,s disease, seniledementia, glaucoma, schizophrenia, gastroesophogeal reflux disease,cardiac arrhythmia, and hyper salvation syndromes (Fisher, A., Invest.Drugs, 1997, 6(10), 1395-1411; Martel, A. M., et al., Drugs Future,1997, 22(2), 135-137; Graul, A. and Castaner, J., Drugs Future, 1996,21(11), 1105-1108; and Graul, A., et al., Drugs Future, 1997, 22(7),733-737).

[0007] A number of compounds having muscarinic receptor antagonisticactivities are being used to treat these diseases. For example,oxybutynin is being used for the treatment of urinary urge incontinenceand dicyclorine is being used for the treatment of irritable bowelsyndrome. However, these drugs have limited utility as they produce sideeffects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, and mydriasis.

[0008] There is currently a need for novel muscarinic receptorantagonists.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The invention is directed to urea derivatives that are muscarinicreceptor antagonists and agonists and that are useful in the treatmentand prevention of diseases mediated by muscarinic receptors (e.g.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, irritablebowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, and the like).

[0010] Accordingly, the invention provides a compound of the inventionwhich is a compound of Formula (I):

L₁—X—L₂

[0011] wherein:

[0012] wherein:

[0013] A is an aryl or a heteroaryl ring;

[0014] B″ is —NR^(—) wherein R^(a) is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,or substituted alkyl;

[0015] R¹ is hydrogen or alkyl;

[0016] R² is Het, or is selected from a group consisting of formula (i),(ii), and (iii):

[0017] wherein:

[0018] —— is an optional double bond;

[0019] n₁ is an integer of from 1 to 4;

[0020] n₂ is an integer of from 1 to 3;

[0021] V is —CH—, —O—, —S(O)n₃— (where n₃ is an integer of from 0 to 2),or —NR⁴— (wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl);

[0022] “Het” is a heteroaryl ring which optionally attaches (a) to alinker;

[0023] R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, substituted amino, —OR^(a) (whereR^(a) is hydrogen, alkyl, or acyl), or a covalent bond attaching (a) toa linker;

[0024] R⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, substituted amino, —OR^(b) (whereR^(b) is hydrogen or alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or a covalentbond attaching (a) to a linker;

[0025] R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are, independently of each other, hydrogen, halo,hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl optionallysubstituted with one, two or three substituents selected from halo,hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino,substituted amino, or a covalent bond attaching (a) to a linker;

[0026] K is a bond or an alkylene group;

[0027] K″ is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n4)— (where n₄ is an integer of from0 to 2), or an alkylene group optionally substituted with a hydroxylgroup; and

[0028] B is heterocycloamino or heteroarylamino, which optionallyattaches (a) to a linker;

[0029] provided that at least one of the R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, “Het”,heterocycloamino or heteroarylamino groups attaches (a) to a linker;

[0030] X is a linker;

[0031] L₂ is a group selected from a group consisting of:

[0032] (i) a group of formula (b):

[0033] wherein:

[0034] D″ is alkylene;

[0035] D is —NR³¹R³², —N⁺(R³³R³⁴R³⁵) or —OR³² where R³¹, R³³, and R³⁴are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl, or aralkyl; and R³²and R³⁵ represent a covalent bond attaching (b) to a linker;

[0036] R²⁷ is hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonamido, alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono ordialkylcarbamoyl, amino, mono- or dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,heteroaryl, heteraryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one, two orthree substituents selected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, or substituted amino;

[0037] R²⁸ is hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonamido, alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono ordialkylcarbamoyl, amino, mono- or dialkylamino, or alkyl optionallysubstituted with one, two, or three substituents selected from halo,hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, orsubstituted amino;

[0038] R²⁹ and R³⁰ are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl,thio, alkylthio, amino, mono- or dialkylamino; or

[0039] one of R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹, or R³⁰ together with the adjacent groupforms a methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy group;

[0040] (ii) a group of formula (c):

[0041] wherein:

[0042] n₁₁ is an integer of from 1 to 7;

[0043] n₁₂ is 0 to 7;

[0044] F is —NR⁴⁰—, —O—, —S—, or —CHR⁴¹— (wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are,independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl);

[0045] F″ is a covalent bond, —OR⁴³, —NR⁴²R⁴³, or —N⁺R⁴³R⁴⁴R⁴⁵ whereinR⁴² is hydrogen or alkyl, R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ are alkyl, and R⁴³ is hydrogen,alkyl, or a covalent bond attaching (c) to a linker;

[0046] R³⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy,carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl,mono or dialkylcarbamoyl, amino, mono- or dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy,arylthio, heteroaryl, heteraryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclyl,heterocyclyloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or alkyl optionally substitutedwith one, two or three substituents selected from halo, hydroxy,carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, or substitutedamino;

[0047] R³⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy,alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, amino, mono- or dialkylamino,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, heteroaryl, heteraryloxy, heteroarylthio,heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or alkyloptionally substituted with one, two or three substituents selected fromhalo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino,or substituted amino; and

[0048] R³⁸ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, or a covalent bondattaching the ligand to a linker provided that at least one of R³⁸ andR⁴³ attaches (c) to a linker;

[0049] R³⁹ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, or substitutedalkyl; and

[0050] (iii) a group of formula (d) or (e):

[0051] wherein:

[0052] R⁴⁶ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, or heterocycle;

[0053] R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, acyl, heterocycle, or—COOR⁵⁰ where R⁵⁰ is alkyl; or

[0054] R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form heterocycle, which heterocycle, in addition to optionallybearing the optional substituents defined hereinbelow for a heterocycle,can also optionally be substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4)alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, orsubstituted alkynyl.

[0055] R⁴⁸ is a covalent bond that attaches the (d) or the (e) to alinker; and

[0056] R⁴⁹ is alkyl;

[0057] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; or prodrug thereof.

[0058] Preferably X is a group of formula:

—X^(a)—Z—(Y^(a)—Z)_(m)—Y^(b)—Z—X^(a)—

[0059] wherein

[0060] m is an integer of from 0 to 20;

[0061] X^(a) at each separate occurrence is selected from the groupconsisting of —O—, —S—,—NR—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR—, —C(S)—, —C(S)O—,—C(S)NR— or a covalent bond where R is as defined below;

[0062] Z at each separate occurrence is selected from the groupconsisting of alkylene, substituted alkylene, cycloalkylene, substitutedcylcoalkylene, alkenylene, substituted alkenylene, alkynylene,substituted alkynylene, cycloalkenylene, substituted cycloalkenylene,arylene, heteroarylene, heterocyclene, or a covalent bond;

[0063] Y^(a) and Y^(b) at each separate occurrence are selected from thegroup consisting of —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—,—NR—, —S(O)n—,—C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(O)—, —NR′C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(S)NR′—, —C(—NR′)—NR′—,—NR′—C(—NR′)—, —OC(O)—NR′—, —NR′—C(O)—O—, —N—C(R″)—NR′—,—NR′—C(R″)—N—,—P(O)(OR′)—O—, —O—P(O)(OR′), S(O)_(n)CR′R″—, —S(O)_(n)—,—NR′—, —NR′—S(O)_(n)—,—S—S—, and a covalent bond; where n is 0, 1 or 2;and R, R′ and R″ at each separate occurrence are selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryland heterocyclic (preferably, at least one of X^(a), Y^(a), Y^(b) or Zis not a covalent bond).

[0064] The invention also provides a compound of the invention which isa compound of formula (IV):

[0065] wherein R², K″, A, K, R¹, B″, B, X, and L₂ have any of the valuesdefined herein; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; or prodrugthereof. A preferred compound of the invention is a compound of formula(IVa):

[0066] wherein X, and L₂ have any of the values defined herein; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt; or prodrug thereof.

[0067] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0068] The invention also provides synthetic intermediates disclosedherein, as well as synthetic methods useful for preparing suchintermediates, and synthetic methods useful for preparing compounds ofthe invention or salts thereof.

[0069] The invention also provides a method of treating diseasesmediated by a muscarinic receptor in a mammal, comprising administeringto said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.

[0070] The invention also provides a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof for use in medicaltherapy, as well as the use of a compound of Formula (I) or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof in the preparationof a medicament for the treatment of a disease mediated by a muscarinicreceptor in a mammal.

[0071] Applicant has discovered that urea compounds of the presentinvention are metabolically more stable than compounds lacking such aurea functionality. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention havelonger metabolic half-lives and/or longer duration of action in vivo,which can reduce the dose required for administration or can reduce thelikelihood of the generation of unwanted metabolites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0072] The following terms have the following meanings unless otherwiseindicated. Any undefined terms have their art recognized meanings.

[0073] The term “alkyl” refers to a monoradical branched or unbranchedsaturated hydrocarbon chain preferably having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms,more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 1 to 6carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, n-hexyl, n-decyl, tetradecyl,and the like.

[0074] The term “substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group as definedabove wherein one or more carbon atoms in the alkyl chain have beenoptionally replaced with a heteroatom such as —O—, —S(O)n— (where n is 0to 2), —NR— (where R is hydrogen or alkyl) and having from 1 to 5substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl,carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy,thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl,heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino,nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-aryl,—SO₂-heteroaryl, and —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) may be thesame or different and and are chosen from hydrogen, optionallysubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl and heterocyclic. This term is exemplified by groups such ashydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl,2-methylaminoethyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, 2-sulfonamidoethyl,2-carboxyethyl, and the like.

[0075] The term “alkylene” refers to a diradical of a branched orunbranched saturated hydrocarbon chain, preferably having from 1 to 40carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms and even morepreferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups suchas methylene (—CH₂—-), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), the propylene isomers (e.g.,—CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)CH₂—) and the like.

[0076] The term “substituted alkylene” refers to an alkylene group, asdefined above, having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl. Additionally, such substituted alkylene groupsinclude those where 2 substituents on the alkylene group are fused toform one or more cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic or heteroaryl groups fusedto the alkylene group. Preferably such fused groups contain from 1 to 3fused ring structures.

[0077] The term “alkylaminoalkyl”, “alkylaminoalkenyl” and“alkylaminoalkynyl” refers to the groups R^(a)NHR^(b)— where R^(a) isalkyl group as defined above and R^(b) is alkylene, alkenylene oralkynylene group as defined above. Such groups are exemplified by3-methylaminobutyl, 4-ethylamino-1,1-dimethylbutyn-1-yl,4-ethylaminobutyn-1-yl, and the like.

[0078] The term “alkaryl” or “aralkyl” refers to the groups-alkylene-aryl and -substituted alkylene-aryl where alkylene,substituted alkylene and aryl are defined herein. Such alkaryl groupsare exemplified by benzyl, phenethyl and the like.

[0079] The term “alkoxy” refers to the groups alkyl-O—, alkenyl-O—,cycloalkyl-O—, cycloalkenyl-O—, and alkynyl-O—, where alkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and alkynyl are as defined herein. Preferredalkoxy groups are alkyl-O— and include, by way of example, methoxy,ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy,n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.

[0080] The term “substituted alkoxy” refers to the groups substitutedalkyl-O—, substituted alkenyl-O—, substituted cycloalkyl-O—, substitutedcycloalkenyl-O—, and substituted alkynyl-O— where substituted alkyl,substituted alkenyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyland substituted alkynyl are as defined herein.

[0081] The term “haloalkoxy” refers to the groups alkyl-O— wherein oneor more hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group have been substituted with ahalo group and include, by way of examples, groups such astrifluoromethoxy, and the like.

[0082] The term “alkylalkoxy” refers to the groups -alkylene-O-alkyl,alkylene-O-substituted alkyl, substituted alkylene-O-alkyl, andsubstituted alkylene-substituted alkyl wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkylene and substituted alkylene are as defined herein. Preferredalkylalkoxy groups are alkylene-O-alkyl and include, by way of example,methylenemethoxy (—CH₂OCH₃), ethylenemethoxy (—CH₂CH₂OCH₃),n-propylene-iso-propoxy (—CH₂CH₂CH₂OCH(CH₃)₂), methylene-t-butoxy(—CH₂—O—C(CH₃)₃), and the like.

[0083] The term “alkylthioalkoxy” refers to the group -alkylene-S-alkyl,alkylene-S-substituted alkyl, substituted alkylene-S-alkyl andsubstituted alkylene-S-substituted alkyl wherein alkyl, substitutedalkyl, alkylene and substituted alkylene are as defined herein.Preferred alkylthioalkoxy groups are alkylene-S-alkyl and include, byway of example, methylenethiomethoxy (—CH₂SCH₃), ethylenethiomethoxy(—CH₂CH₂SCH₃), n-propylene-iso-thiopropoxy (—CH₂CH₂CH₂SCH(CH₃)₂),methylene-t-thiobutoxy (—CH₂SC(CH₃)₃), and the like.

[0084] The term “alkenyl” refers to a monoradical of a branched orunbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon group preferably having from 2 to 40carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms and even morepreferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from1-6 sites of vinyl unsaturation. Preferred alkenyl groups includeethenyl (—CH═CH₂), n-propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), iso-propenyl (—C(CH₃)═CH₂),and the like.

[0085] The term “substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group asdefined above having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl.

[0086] The term “alkenylene” refers to a diradical of a branched orunbranched unsaturated hydrocarbon group preferably having from 2 to 40carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms and even morepreferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having at least 1 and preferably from1-6 sites of vinyl unsaturation. This term is exemplified by groups suchas ethenylene (—CH═CH—), the propenylene isomers (e.g., —CH₂CH═CH— or—C(CH₃)═CH—), and the like.

[0087] The term “substituted alkenylene” refers to an alkenylene groupas defined above having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably from 1to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy,substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substitutedamino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen,hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy,thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substitutedthioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic,heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl,—SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl,—SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl and —SO₂-heteroaryl. Additionally,such substituted alkenylene groups include those where 2 substituents onthe alkenylene group are fused to form one or more cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl,heterocyclic or heteroaryl groups fused to the alkenylene group.

[0088] The term “alkynyl” refers to a monoradical of an unsaturatedhydrocarbon preferably having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably2 to 20 carbon atoms and even more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms andhaving at least 1 and preferably from 1-6 sites of acetylene (triplebond) unsaturation. Preferred alkynyl groups include ethynyl (—C≡CH),propargyl (—CH₂C≡CH), and the like.

[0089] The term “substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group asdefined above having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl,and —SO₂-heteroaryl.

[0090] The term “alkynylene” refers to a diradical of an unsaturatedhydrocarbon preferably having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, more preferably2 to 10 carbon atoms and even more preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms andhaving at least 1 and preferably from 1-6 sites of acetylene (triplebond) unsaturation. Preferred alkynylene groups include ethynylene(—C≡C—), propargylene (—CH₂C≡C—), and the like.

[0091] The term “substituted alkynylene” refers to an alkynylene groupas defined above having from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl.

[0092] The term “acyl” refers to the groups HC(O)—, alkyl-C(O)—,substituted alkyl-C(O)—, cycloalkyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)—,cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, substituted cycloalkenyl-C(O)—, aryl-C(O)—,heteroaryl-C(O)— and heterocyclic-C(O)— where alkyl, substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0093] The term “acylamino” or “aminocarbonyl” refers to the group—C(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substitutedalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic or where both R groups are joinedto form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) wherein alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic are as definedherein.

[0094] The term “aminoacyl” refers to the group —NRC(O)R where each R isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, orheterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, andheterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0095] The term “aminoacyloxy” or “alkoxycarbonylamino” refers to thegroup —NRC(O)OR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic wherein alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic are as definedherein.

[0096] The term “acyloxy” refers to the groups alkyl-C(O)O—, substitutedalkyl-C(O)O—, cycloalkyl-C(O)O—, substituted cycloalkyl-C(O)O—,aryl-C(O)O—, heteroaryl-C(O)O—, and heterocyclic-C(O)O— wherein alkyl,substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0097] The term “aryl” refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclicgroup of from 6 to 20 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl)or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl).Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl and the like. Unless otherwiseconstrained by the definition for the aryl substituent, such aryl groupscan optionally be substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents, preferably1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyloxy,hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkoxy, substitutedalkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl,aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, cyano, halo, nitro,heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy,oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy,thioheteroaryloxy, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl,—SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl,—SO₂-heteroaryl and trihalomethyl. Preferred aryl substituents includealkyl, alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro, trihalomethyl, and thioalkoxy.

[0098] The term “aryloxy” refers to the group aryl-O— wherein the arylgroup is as defined above including optionally substituted aryl groupsas also defined above.

[0099] The term “arylene” refers to the diradical derived from aryl(including substituted aryl) as defined above and is exemplified by1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, 1,2-naphthylene and thelike.

[0100] The term “amino” refers to the group —NH₂.

[0101] The term “substituted amino” refers to the group —NRR where eachR is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic provided thatboth R's are not hydrogen.

[0102] The term “carboxyalkyl” or “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to the groups“—C(O)O-alkyl”, “—C(O)O-substituted alkyl”, “—C(O)O-cycloalkyl”,“—C(O)O-substituted cycloalkyl”, “—C(O)O-alkenyl”, “—C(O)O-substitutedalkenyl”, “—C(O)O-alkynyl” and “—C(O)O-substituted alkynyl” where alkyl,substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl and substituted alkynyl alkynyl are asdefined herein.

[0103] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to20 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings.Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ringstructures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, andthe like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like.

[0104] The term “substituted cycloalkyl” refers to cycloalkyl groupshaving from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3 substituents,selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl.

[0105] The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to cyclic alkenyl groups of from 4to 20 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring and at least one point ofinternal unsaturation. Examples of suitable cycloalkenyl groups include,for instance, cyclobut-2-enyl, cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclooct-3-enyl, andthe like.

[0106] The term “substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to cycloalkenyl groupshaving from 1 to 5 substituents, and preferably 1 to 3 substituents,selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl.

[0107] The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo andiodo.

[0108] The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group of from 1 to 15carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen andsulfur within at least one ring (if there is more than one ring). Unlessotherwise constrained by the definition for the heteroaryl substituent,such heteroaryl groups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the groupconsisting of acyloxy, hydroxy, thiol, acyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted alkyl, substitutedalkoxy, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, acylamino, alkaryl, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl,carboxylalkyl, cyano, halo, nitro, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy,heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, aminoacyloxy, oxyacylamino, thioalkoxy,substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, —SO-alkyl,—SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl,—SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl and trihalomethyl.Preferred aryl substituents include alkyl, alkoxy, halo, cyano, nitro,trihalomethyl, and thioalkoxy. Such heteroaryl groups can have a singlering (e.g., pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g.,indolizinyl or benzothienyl). Preferred heteroaryls include pyridyl,pyrrolyl and furyl.

[0109] The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to the groups-alkylene-heteroaryl where alkylene and heteroaryl are defined herein.Such heteroaralkyl groups are exemplified by pyridylmethyl,pyridylethyl, indolylmethyl, and the like.

[0110] The term “heteroaryloxy” refers to the group heteroaryl-O—.

[0111] The term “heteroarylene” refers to the diradical group derivedfrom heteroaryl (including substituted heteroaryl), as defined above,and is exemplified by the groups 2,6-pyridylene, 2,4-pyridiylene,1,2-quinolinylene, 1,8-quinolinylene, 1,4-benzofuranylene,2,5-pyridnylene, 2,5-indolenyl, and the like.

[0112] The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic” or refers to amonoradical saturated unsaturated group having a single ring or multiplecondensed rings, from 1 to 40 carbon atoms and from 1 to 10 heteroatoms, preferably 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, sulfur,phosphorus, and/or oxygen within the ring. Unless otherwise constrainedby the definition for the heterocyclic substituent, such heterocyclicgroups can be optionally substituted with 1 to 5, and preferably 1 to 3substituents, selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryland —SO₂-heteroaryl. Such heterocyclic groups can have a single ring ormultiple condensed rings. Preferred heterocyclics include morpholino,piperidinyl, and the like.

[0113] Examples of nitrogen heteroaryls and heterocycles include, butare not limited to, pyrrole, thiophene, furan, imidazole, pyrazole,pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole,indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline,phthalazine, naphthylpyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline,pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine,phenanthroline, isothiazole, phenazine, isoxazole, phenoxazine,phenothiazine, imidazolidine, imidazoline, pyrrolidine, piperidine,piperazine, indoline, morpholine, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydrothiophene, and the like as well as N-alkoxy-nitrogencontaining heterocycles.

[0114] The term “heterocyclooxy” refers to the group heterocyclic-O—.

[0115] The term “thioheterocyclooxy” refers to the groupheterocyclic-S—.

[0116] The term “heterocyclene” refers to the diradical group formedfrom a heterocycle, as defined herein, and is exemplified by the groups2,6-morpholino, 2,5-morpholino and the like.

[0117] “Heteroarylamino” means a 5 membered aromatic ring wherein one ortwo ring atoms are N, the remaining ring atoms being C. Theheterocycloamino ring may be fused to a cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroarylring, and it may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents, preferably one or two substituents, selected from alkyl,substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,halo, cyano, acyl, amino, substituted amino, acylamino, —OR (where R ishydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl,or heteroaralkyl), or —S(O)nR [where n is an integer from 0 to 2 and Ris hydrogen (provided that n is 0), alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, amino,heterocyclo, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl]. Morespecifically the term heterocycloamino includes, but is not limited to,imidazole, pyrazole, benzimidazole and benzpyrazole.

[0118] “Heterocycloamino” means a saturated monovalent cyclic group of 4to 8 ring atoms, wherein at least one ring atom is N and optionallycontains one or two additional ring heteroatoms selected from the groupconsisting of N, O, or S(O)n (where n is an integer from 0 to 2), theremaining ring atoms being C, where one or two C atoms may optionally bereplaced by a carbonyl group. The heterocycloamino ring may be fused toa cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl ring, and it may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents, preferably one or twosubstituents, selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, halo, cyano, acyl, amino,substituted amino, acylamino, —OR (where R is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl), or—S(O)nR [where n is an integer from 0 to 2 and R is hydrogen (providedthat n is 0), alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, amino, heterocyclo, aryl,heteroaryl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl]. More specifically the termheterocycloamino includes, but is not limited to, pyrrolidino,piperidino, morpholino, piperazino, indolino, or thiomorpholino. Theterm heterocycloamino also includes, quinuclidine,1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, 1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl and the derivativesthereof.

[0119] The term “oxyacylamino” or “aminocarbonyloxy” refers to the group—OC(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, substitutedalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substitutedalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic are as defined herein.

[0120] The term “spiro-attached cycloalkyl group” refers to a cycloalkylgroup attached to another ring via one carbon atom common to both rings.

[0121] The term “thiol” refers to the group —SH.

[0122] The term “thioalkoxy” or “alkylthio” refers to the group—S-alkyl.

[0123] The term “substituted thioalkoxy” refers to the group—S-substituted alkyl.

[0124] The term “thioaryloxy” refers to the group aryl-S— wherein thearyl group is as defined above including optionally substituted arylgroups also defined above.

[0125] The term “thioheteroaryloxy” refers to the group heteroaryl-S—wherein the heteroaryl group is as defined above including optionallysubstituted aryl groups as also defined above.

[0126] As to any of the above groups which contain one or moresubstituents, it is understood, of course, that such groups do notcontain any substitution or substitution patterns which are stericallyimpractical and/or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, thecompounds of this invention include all stereochemical isomers arisingfrom the substitution of these compounds.

[0127] Unless specified otherwise, all ranges referred to herein includethe stated end-point values.

[0128] The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to salts whichretain biological effectiveness and are not biologically or otherwiseundesirable. In many cases, the compounds of this invention are capableof forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of aminoand/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto.

[0129] Pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts can be preparedfrom inorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases,include by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium,calcium and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include,but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines,such as alkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkylamines, di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines,alkenyl amines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenylamines, di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines,cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl) amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines,substituted cycloalkyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkyl amine,trisubstituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloalkenyl)amines, tri(cycloalkenyl) amines, substituted cycloalkenyl amines,disubstituted cycloalkenyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkenyl amines,aryl amines, diaryl amines, triaryl amines, heteroaryl amines,diheteroaryl amines, triheteroaryl amines, heterocyclic amines,diheterocyclic amines, triheterocyclic amines, mixed di- and tri-amineswhere at least two of the substituents on the amine are different andare selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic,and the like. Also included are amnines where the two or threesubstituents, together with the amino nitrogen, form a heterocyclic orheteroaryl group. Examples of suitable amines include, by way of exampleonly, isopropylamine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl)amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol,tromethamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine,hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine,N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine,morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like. It should also beunderstood that other carboxylic acid derivatives would be useful in thepractice of this invention, for example, carboxylic acid amides,including carboxamides, lower alkyl carboxamides, dialkyl carboxamides,and the like.

[0130] Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be preparedfrom inorganic and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic acidsinclude hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids includeacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid,malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid,salicylic acid, and the like.

[0131] The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable cation” refers to thecation of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.

[0132] The term “protecting group” or “blocking group” refers to anygroup which when bound to one or more hydroxyl, thiol, amino or carboxylgroups of the compounds (including intermediates thereof) preventsreactions from occurring at these groups and which protecting group canbe removed by conventional chemical or enzymatic steps to reestablishthe hydroxyl, thiol, amino or carboxyl group. The particular removableblocking group employed is not critical and preferred removable hydroxylblocking groups include conventional substituents such as allyl, benzyl,acetyl, chloroacetyl, thiobenzyl, benzylidine, phenacyl,t-butyl-diphenylsilyl and any other group that can be introducedchemically onto a hydroxyl functionality and later selectively removedeither by chemical or enzymatic methods in mild conditions compatiblewith the nature of the product. Preferred removable thiol blockinggroups include disulfide groups, acyl groups, benzyl groups, and thelike. Preferred removable amino blocking groups include conventionalsubstituents such as t-butyoxycarbonyl (t-BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ),fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl (FMOC), allyloxycarbonyl (ALOC), and the likewhich can be removed by conventional conditions compatible with thenature of the product. Preferred carboxyl protecting groups includeesters such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl etc. which can be removedby mild conditions compatible with the nature of the product.

[0133] The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequentlydescribed event, circumstance or substituent may or may not occur, andthat the description includes instances where said event or circumstanceoccurs and instances where it does not.

[0134] The term “inert organic solvent” or “inert organic solvent” meansa solvent which is inert under the conditions of the reaction beingdescribed in conjunction therewith including, by way of example only,benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide,chloroform, methylene chloride, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone,methylethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol,dioxane, pyridine, and the like. Unless specified to the contrary, thesolvents used in the reactions described herein are inert solvents.

[0135] The term “treatment” refers to any treatment of a pathologiccondition in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes:

[0136] (i) preventing the pathologic condition from occurring in asubject which may be predisposed to the condition but has not yet beendiagnosed with the condition and, accordingly, the treatment constitutesprophylactic treatment for the disease condition;

[0137] (ii) inhibiting the pathologic condition, i.e., arresting itsdevelopment;

[0138] (iii) relieving the pathologic condition, i.e., causingregression of the pathologic condition; or

[0139] (iv) relieving the conditions mediated by the pathologiccondition.

[0140] The term “pathologic condition which is modulated by treatmentwith a ligand” covers all disease states (i.e., pathologic conditions)which are generally acknowledged in the art to be usefully treated witha ligand for the muscarinic receptors in general, and those diseasestates which have been found to be usefully treated by a compound of theinvention. Such disease states include, by way of example only, thetreatment of a mammal afflicted with chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, chronic bronchitis, irritable bowel syndrome, urinaryincontinence, and the like.

[0141] The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amountof a compound which is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined above,when administered to a mammal in need of such treatment. Thetherapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the subjectand disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject,the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration andthe like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill inthe art.

[0142] The term “linker”, identified by the symbol ‘X’ refers to a groupor groups that covalently attaches L₁ and L₂. Additionally, the linkercan be either a chiral or achiral molecule. The term “linker” does not,however, extend to cover solid inert supports such as beads, glassparticles, fibers, and the like. But it is understood that the compoundsof this invention can be attached to a solid support if desired. Forexample, such attachment to solid supports can be made for use inseparation and purification processes and similar applications.

[0143] “Pro-drugs” means any compound which releases an active parentdrug according to Formula (I) in vivo when such prodrug is administeredto a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of a compound of Formula (I) areprepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound ofFormula (I) in such a way that the modifications may be cleaved in vivoto release the parent compound. Prodrugs include compounds of Formula(I) wherein a hydroxy, amino, or sulfhydryl group in compound (I) isbonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to regenerate the freehydroxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively. Examples of prodrugsinclude, but are not limited to esters (e.g., acetate, formate, andbenzoate derivatives), carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) ofhydroxy functional groups in compounds of Formula (I), and the like.

[0144] While the broadest definition of this invention is set forth inthe Summary of the Invention, certain compounds of Formula (I) may bepreferred. Specific and preferred values listed herein for radicals,substituents, and ranges, are for illustration only; they do not excludeother defined values or other values within defined ranges for theradicals and substituents

[0145] A preferred value for A is phenyl or pyridine

[0146] A preferred value for R¹ is hydrogen methyl, or ethyl.

[0147] Another preferred value for R¹ is hydrogen.

[0148] A preferred value for R² is pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, or imidazolyl.

[0149] Another preferred value for R² is phenyl.

[0150] A preferred value for V is —CH— or —NR⁴— (wherein R⁴ is hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl).

[0151] A preferred value for R³ is hydrogen or alkyl

[0152] A preferred value for R⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl,heteroaralkyl, or a covalent bond attaching (a) to a linker

[0153] Another preferred value for R⁵ is hydrogen, methyl, phenyloptionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, oramino, benzyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxy,carboxy, or amino.

[0154] A preferred value for R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ independent of each other ishydrogen, alkyl, nitro, hydroxy, or amino.

[0155] A preferred value for K is alkylene having from 1 to 10 carbonatoms.

[0156] A preferred value for K is alkylene having from 1 to 5 carbonatoms.

[0157] A preferred value for K is a bond or a methylene group.

[0158] A preferred value for K″ is a bond.

[0159] A preferred value for R_(a) is hydrogen.

[0160] A preferred value for B is a heterocycloamino group whichattaches (a) to a linker.

[0161] Another preferred value for B is a formula selected from a groupconsisting of formula (j), formula (k), and formula (l):

[0162] wherein:

[0163] n₁₃ and n₁₄ are, independently of each other, an integer of from0 to 4 provided that n₁₃+n₁₄ is an integer of from 3 to 5;

[0164] n₁₅ and n₁₇ are, independently of each other, an integer of from0 to 4 provided that n₁₅+n₁₇ is an integer of from 3 to 5;

[0165] n₁₆ is an integer of from 0 to 3 provided that n₁₅+n₁₆ is aninteger of from 3 to 5;

[0166] n₁₈, n₁₉ and n₂₀ are, independently of each other, an integer offrom 0 to 3 provided that n₁₈+n₁₉+n₂₀ is 2 or 3;

[0167] n₂₁ is an integer of from 1 to 3;

[0168] W^(a) and W^(c) are, independently of each other:

[0169] where:

[0170] n₂₂ is 0 or 1;

[0171] R⁵³ and R⁵⁴ are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, or heterocyclylalkyl or acovalent bond attaching (a) to a linker;

[0172] R⁵⁵ is alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; and

[0173] W^(b) is —N(O)n₂₃ or —N⁺—R⁵⁶ where n₂₃ is 0 or 1, and R⁵⁶ isalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aralkyl, or a covalent bond attaching (a) toa linker;

[0174] provided that a carbon other than a bridge head carbon is bondedto B″.

[0175] Another preferred value for B is a ring represented by thefollowing general formulae:

[0176] wherein a carbon atom other than a bridge head carbon is bound toB″; and W^(c) is as defined above.

[0177] A more preferred value for B is pyrrolidine, piperidine, orhexahydroazepine attaching (a) to a linker.

[0178] Another more preferred value for B is piperidine wherein thenitrogen atom of said piperidine attaches (a) to a linker.

[0179] Another more preferred value for B is piperidin-4-yl wherein thenitrogen at the 1 position optionally attaches (a) to a linker.

[0180] Another more preferred value for B is quinuclidine,1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptyl, or 1-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl attaching (a) toa linker, wherein a carbon other than a bridge head carbon is bound toB″.

[0181] A preferred value for D″ is —(CH₂)n₄₃— where n₄₃ is an integer offrom 1-10, preferably 2-8, more preferably 2-4. Another preferred valuefor n₄₃ is an integer of from 3-10.

[0182] A preferred value for D is —NR³¹R³² or —N⁺(R³³R³⁴R³⁵)M⁻ whereR³¹, R³³, and R³⁴ are, independently of each other, hydrogen or methyl,and R³² and R³⁵ represent a covalent bond attaching (b) to a linker.More preferably R³¹, R³³, and R³⁴ methyl, and R³² and R³⁵ represent acovalent bond attaching (b) to a linker.

[0183] A preferred value for R²⁷ is hydrogen.

[0184] A preferred value for R²⁸ is hydrogen.

[0185] A preferred value for R²⁹ and R³⁰ independently is hydrogen; orone of R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹, or R³⁰ together with the adjacent group forms amethylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy group.

[0186] A preferred value for n₁₁ is 1.

[0187] A preferred value for n₁₂ is 6.

[0188] A preferred value for F is —O—.

[0189] A preferred value for F″ is a covalent bond, —OR⁴³, —NR⁴²R⁴³wherein R⁴² is hydrogen or alkyl, or —N⁺(R⁴³R⁴⁴R⁴⁵) wherein R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵are alkyl, and R⁴³ is a covalent bond attaching (c) to a linker.

[0190] A preferred value for F″ is —O—, —NH—, N(CH₃)— or —N(CH₃)₂—

[0191] A more preferred value for F″ is —NH—, N(CH₃)— or —N(CH₃)₂—wherein the nitrogen atom attaches (c) to a linker.

[0192] A preferred value for R³⁶ is hydrogen.

[0193] Preferably R³⁷ is ortho to the —(CHR³⁸)— group and is hydrogen oralkoxy. More preferably R³⁷ is ortho to the —(CHR³⁸) group and ismethoxy.

[0194] Preferably is R³ is hydrogen.

[0195] Preferably R³⁹is hydrogen.

[0196] Preferably L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein: R⁴⁶ is alkyl orsubstituted alkyl; R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, or heterocycle; orR⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attachedform heterocycle.

[0197] Preferably, L₂ is a group of formula A1-A241 as shown in thefollowing table. L₂ is preferably linked to X through a non-aromaticnitrogen atom (e.g. a secondary amino nitrogen) of L₂. No. L₂ A1 

A2 

A3 

A4 

A5 

A6 

A7 

A8 

A9 

A10 

A11 

A12 

A13 

A14 

A15 

A16 

A17 

A18 

A19 

A20 

A21 

A22 

A23 

A24 

A25 

A26 

A27 

A28 

A29 

A30 

A31 

A32 

A33 

A34 

A35 

A36 

A37 

A38 

A39 

A40 

A41 

A42 

A43 

A44 

A45 

A46 

A47 

A48 

A49 

A50 

A51 

A52 

A53 

A54 

A55 

A56 

A57 

A58 

A59 

A60 

A61 

A62 

A63 

A64 

A65 

A66 

A67 

A68 

A69 

A70 

A71 

A72 

A73 

A74 

A75 

A76 

A77 

A78 

A79 

A80 

A81 

A82 

A83 

A84 

A85 

A86 

A87 

A88 

A89 

A90 

A91 

A92 

A93 

A94 

A95 

A96 

A97 

A98 

A99 

A100

A101

A102

A103

A104

A105

A106

A107

A108

A109

A110

A111

A112

A113

A114

A115

A116

A117

A118

A119

A120

A121

A122

A123

A124

A125

A126

A127

A128

A129

A130

A131

A132

A133

A134

A135

A136

A137

A138

A139

A140 A141

A142

A143

A144

A145

A146

A147

A148

A149

A150

A151

A152

A153

A154

A155

A156

A157

A158

A159

A160

A161

A162

A163

A164

A165

A166

A167

A168

A169

A170

A171

A172

A173

A174

A175

A176

A177

A178

A179

A180

A181

A182

A183

A184

A185

A186

A187

A188

A189

A190

A191

A192

A193

A194

A195

A196

A197

A198

A199

A200

A201

A202

A203

A204

A205

A206

A207

A208

A209

A210

A211

A212

A213

A214

A215

A216

A217

A218

A219

A220

A221

A222

A223

A224

A225

A226

A227

A228

A229

A230

A231

A232

A233

A234

A235

A236

A237

A238

A239

A240

A241

[0198] Preferably, L₂ can also be a group of formula A301-A439 as shownin the following table. L₂ is preferably linked to X through anon-aromatic nitrogen atom (e.g. a secondary amino nitrogen) of L₂.

[0199] Preferably, L₂ can also be a group of formula A501-A523 as shownin the following table. L₂ is preferably linked to X through anon-aromatic nitrogen atom of L₂. No. L₂ A501

A502

A503

A504

A505

A506

A507

A508

A509

A510

A511

A512

A513

A514

A515

A516

A517

A518

A519

A520

A521

A522

A523

A524

A525

A526

A527

A528

A529

A530

A531

A532

A533

A534

A535

A536

A537

A538

A539

A540

A541

A542

A543

A544

A545

A546

A547

A548

A549

A550

A551

A552

A553

A554

A555

A556

A557

A558

A559

A560

A561

A562

A563

A564

A565

A566

A567

A568

A569

A570

A571

A572

A573

A574

A575

A576

A577

A578

A579

A580

A581

A582

A583

A584

A585

A586

A587

A588

A589

A590

[0200] A more preferred value for L₂ is A234, A363, A364, A153, A28,A324, A329, A562, A87, or A239.

[0201] A preferred value for X is alkylene optionally substituted withone, two, or three hydroxy groups, alkylene wherein one, two or threecarbon atoms have been replaced by an oxygen atom,-alkylene-phenylene-alkylene- wherein the phenylene ring is optionallysubstituted with one or two chloro or fluoro groups.

[0202] Another preferred value for X is an alkylene group having from 3to 20 carbon atoms; wherein one or more carbon atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or4) in the alkylene group is optionally replaced with —O—; and whereinthe chain is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl(e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4).

[0203] Another preferred value for X is an alkylene group having from 6to 15 carbons atoms; wherein one or more carbon atoms (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4)in the alkylene group is optionally replaced with —O—; and wherein thechain is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl(e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4).

[0204] Another preferred value for X is is nonane-1,9-diyl,octane-1,8-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl, or5-oxa-nonane-1,9-diyl.

[0205] Another preferred value for X is a group of the followingformula:

[0206] wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3fluoro groups.

[0207] Another preferred value for X is a group of one of the followingformulae:

[0208] A preferred group of compounds of formula (I) are compoundswherein R² is selected from formula (i) and (iii); and wherein K″ is abond or methylene.

[0209] A preferred group of compounds of formula (I) are compoundswherein R² is formula (i); R³ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, fluoro, or trifluoromethyl; and K″ is a bond or methylene.

[0210] A preferred group of compounds of formula (I) are compoundswherein R² is formula (iii); R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are each hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, fluoro, or trifluoromethyl; and K″ is a bondor methylene.

[0211] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein R⁴⁶ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, or heterocycle; R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, acyl,heterocycle, or —COOR⁵⁰ where R⁵⁰ is alkyl; or R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form heterocycle.

[0212] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form heterocycle which issubstituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino,acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl,carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy,thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl,heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino,nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl, —SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl,—SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl —SO₂-heteroaryl, alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, andsubstituted alkynyl.

[0213] A more preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form heterocycle which issubstituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, acyl, acylamino,acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxyl,carboxylalkyl, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl,alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.

[0214] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form heterocycle which issubstituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.

[0215] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein at least one of R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷individually, or R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ taken together, is a group that comprises abasic nitrogen atom (e.g. a nitrogen atom with a pKa of preferably atleast about 5, more preferably al least about 6, or most preferably atleast about 7).

[0216] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is a heterocycle,optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independently selectedfrom the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl; and R⁴⁷ is alkyl,substituted alkyl, acyl, or —COOR⁵⁰.

[0217] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (1)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is alkyl that issubstituted by a group that comprises a basic nitrogen atom (e.g. anitrogen atom with a pKa of preferably at least about 5, more preferablyal least about 6, or most preferably at least about 7).

[0218] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is alkyl that isoptionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl,thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy,substituted thioalkoxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino,alkoxyamino, NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) may be the same ordifferent and and are chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and heterocyclic.

[0219] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is a heterocycle whichis optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy,cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl—SO₂-heteroaryl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.

[0220] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is 3-piperidinyl,4-piperidinyl, or 3-pyrrolidinyl, which R⁴⁶ is optionally substitutedwith 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino,acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl,thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy,substituted thioalkoxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino,alkoxyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.

[0221] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a piperidine or pyrrolidine ring which ring is optionallysubstituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from thegroup consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino,acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl,thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy,substituted thioalkoxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino,alkoxyamino, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.

[0222] A preferred group of compounds are compounds of formula (I)wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together with the nitrogen atom to which they areattached form a heterocycle that is an aza-crown ether (e.g.1-aza-12-crown-4, 1-aza-15-crown-5, or 1-aza-18-crown-6).

[0223] A preferred group of compounds of formula (I) are compoundswherein: A is an aryl or a heteroaryl ring; B″ is —NRa— wherein Ra ishydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl; R¹ is hydrogen or alkyl; R² isselected from a group consisting of formula (i), (ii), (iii), or “Het”:

[0224] wherein: —is an optional double bond; n, is an integer of from 1to 4; n₂ is an integer of from 1 to 3; V is —CH—, —O—, —S(O)n₃— (wheren₃ is an integer of from 0 to 2), or —NR⁴— (wherein R⁴ is hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl); “Het” is a heteroarylring which optionally attaches the ligand to a linker; R³ is hydrogen,alkyl, amino, substituted amino, —OR^(a) (where R^(a) is hydrogen,alkyl, or acyl), or a covalent bond attaching the ligand to a linker; R⁵is hydrogen, alkyl, amino, substituted amino, —OR^(b) (where R^(b) ishydrogen or alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or a covalent bondattaching the ligand to a linker; R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are, independently ofeach other, hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or threesubstituents selected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, substituted amino, or a covalent bondattaching the ligand to a linker; K is a bond or an alkylene group; K″is a bond, —C(O)—, —S(O)_(n4)— (where n₄ is an integer of from 0 to 2),or an alkylene group optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group; and Bis a heterocycloamino group which optionally attaches the ligand to alinker; provided that at least one of the R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, “Het”, or theheterocycloamino group attaches the ligand to a linker.

[0225] A preferred compound of formula (1) is a compound of Formula(Ia):

[0226] wherein A, R¹, R², K, K″, B, X, R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ are as definedherein.

[0227] For a compound of Formula (Ia) a preferred group of compounds isthat wherein A is phenyl or pyridine; and K and K″ are bond.

[0228] For a compound of Formula (Ia) another preferred group ofcompounds is that wherein A is phenyl or pyridine; R² is phenyl; and Kand K″ are bond.

[0229] For a compound of Formula (Ia) another preferred group ofcompounds is that wherein B has any of the preferred values identifiedherein.

[0230] The invention also provides a compound of formula (IV):

[0231] wherein L₂ is an organic group comprising at least one (e.g. 1,2, 3, or 4) primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Typically, the amineof L₂ should be basic, having a pH of at least about 5, and preferablyat least about 6, more preferably at least about 7. The nature of thegroup L₂ is not critical provided the compound has suitable properties(e.g. solubility, stability, and toxicity) for its intended use (e.g. asa drug or as a pharmacological tool). Typically the group L₂ will have amolecular weight below 500 and preferably below about 300. Additionally,the group L₂ preferably comprises 5 or fewer hydrogen bond donors (e.g.OH, —NHR—, and —C(═O)NHR—) and ten or fewer hydrogen bond acceptors(e.g. —O—, —NRR—, and —S—). Preferably, the nitrogen of B shown informula (IV) is separated from an amine of the group L₂ by about 15angstroms to about 75 angstroms (based on conventionally acceptable bondlengths and angles). More preferably, the nitrogen of B is separatedfrom an amine of the group L₂ by about 25 angstroms to about 50angstroms. Preferred compounds of formula (IV) also have a log D betweenabout −3 and about 5. Using the above parameters, one skilled in the artcan readily determine compounds of formula (IV) possessing the desiredproperties for an intended use.

GENERAL SYNTHETIC SCHEMES

[0232] Compounds of this invention can be made by the methods depictedin the reaction schemes shown below.

[0233] The starting materials and reagents used in preparing thesecompounds are either available from commercial suppliers such as AldrichChemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis., USA), Bachem (Torrance, Calif., USA),Emka-Chemie, or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA) or are prepared by methodsknown to those skilled in the art following procedures set forth inreferences such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis,Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of CarbonCompounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers,1989), Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991),March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition),and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc.,1989).

[0234] The starting materials and the intermediates of the reaction maybe isolated and purified if desired using conventional techniques,including but not limited to filtration, distillation, crystallization,chromatography, and the like. Such materials may be characterized usingconventional means, including physical constants and spectral data.

[0235] Furthermore, it will be appreciated that where typical orpreferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, moleratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other processconditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reactionconditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, butsuch conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routineoptimization procedures.

[0236] Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art,conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certainfunctional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of asuitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well assuitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known inthe art. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introductionand removal, are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, ProtectingGroups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, andreferences cited therein.

[0237] These schemes are merely illustrative of some methods by whichthe compounds of this invention can be synthesized, and variousmodifications to these schemes can be made and will be suggested to oneskilled in the art having referred to this disclosure.

Preparation of a compound of Formula (I)

[0238] In general, compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared asillustrated and described in Schemes A.

[0239] A compound of Formula (1) is prepared by covalently attaching oneequivalent of a compound of formula 1 with a compound of formula 2 whereX is a linker as defined herein, FG¹ is a functional group, FG² is afunctional group that is complimentary to FG¹, PG is a protecting group,and FG²PG is a protected functional group, to give an intermediate offormula (II). Deprotection of the functional group on the linker,followed by reaction of resulting compound 3 with one equivalent ofcompound 4, then provides a compound of Formula (I). The reactionconditions used to link compounds 1 and 4 to compound 2 and 3 depend onthe nature of the functional groups on compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 which inturn depend on the type of linkage desired. Examples of the functionalgroups and the reaction conditions that can be used to generate aspecific linkage is described below. TABLE I RepresentativeComplementary Binding Chemistries First Reactive Group Second ReactiveGroup Linkage carboxyl amine amide sulfonyl halide amine sulfonamidehydroxyl alkyl/aryl halide ether hydroxyl isocyanate urethane amineepoxide β-hydroxyamine amine alkyl/aryl halide alkylamine hydroxylcarboxyl ester

[0240] Reaction between a carboxylic acid of either the linker or theligand and a primary or secondary amine of the ligand or the linker inthe presence of suitable, well-known activating agents such asdicyclohexylcarbodiimide, results in formation of an amide bondcovalently linking the ligand to the linker; reaction between an aminegroup of either the linker or the ligand and a sulfonyl halide of theligand or the linker, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine,pyridine, and the like results in formation of a sulfonamide bondcovalently linking the ligand to the linker; and reaction between analcohol or phenol group of either the linker or the ligand and an alkylor aryl halide of the ligand or the linker in the presence of a basesuch as triethylamine, pyridine, and the like, results in formation ofan ether bond covalently linking the ligand to the linker.

[0241] Suitable dihydroxyl and dihalo starting materials useful forincorporating a group X into a compound of the invention are shown inthe following table. Preferably, an alcohol is reacted with a ligandbearing a leaving group to provide an ether bond, while a dihalocompound is preferably reacted with an amine of the ligand to form asubatituted amine. No. X X1 

X2 

X3 

X4 

X5 

X6 

X7 

X8 

X9 

X10

X11

X12

X13

X14

X15

X16

X17

X18

X19

X20

X21

X22

X23

X24

X25

X26

X27

X28

X29

X30

X31

X32

X33

X34

X35

X36

X37

X38

X39

X40

X41

X42

X43

X44

X45

X46

X47

X48

X49

X50

X51

X52

X53

X54

X55 HOCH₂(CF₂)₈CH₂OH X56

X57

X58

X59

X60

X61

X62

X63

X64

X65

X66

X67

X68

X69 HOCH₂(CH₂)₄CH₂OH X70

X71

X72

X73

X74

X75

X76

X77

X78

X79

X80

X81

X82

X83

X84

X85

X86

X87

X88

X89

X90

X91

X92

X93

X94

X95

X96

X97

X98

X99

 X100 HOCH₂(CF₂)₃CH₂OH

[0242] Typically, a compound selected for use as a ligand will have atleast one functional group, such as an amino, hydroxyl, thiol orcarboxyl group and the like, which allows the compound to be readilycoupled to the linker. Compounds having such functionality are eitherknown in the art or can be prepared by routine modification of knowncompounds using conventional reagents and procedures.

[0243] A compound of formula (a) wherein A is phenyl, pyridyl, and thelike can be prepared as described in EP 747 355 and as described byNaito, R. et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46(8), 1286.

Scheme B

L₁—H+R_(a)—X—L₂→(I)

[0244] A compound of formula (I) wherein L₁ comprises a nitrogen that isbonded to X, can be prepared by alkylating a corresponding compound offormula L₁—H wherein -H is bound to the nitrogen, with a correspondingcompound of R_(a)—X—L₂ wherein X and L₂ have any of the values definedherein and R_(a) is a suitable leaving group. Suitable leaving groups anconditions for the alkylation of an amine are known in the art (forexample, see Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms andStructure, 4 ed., 1992, Jerry March, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Forexample, R_(a) can be halo (e.g. chloro, bromo, or iodo),methylsulfonyl, 4-tolylsulfonyl, mesyl, or trifluoromethylsulfonyl.

[0245] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preparing acompound of formula (I) wherein L₁ comprises a nitrogen that is bondedto X, comprising alkylating a corresponding compound of formula L₁—Hwith a compound of R_(a)—X—L₂ wherein X and L₂ have any of the valuesdefined herein and R_(a) is a suitable leaving group.

[0246] The invention also provides a compound of formula L₁—H whereinL₁, has any of the values defined herein. The following compounds arepreferred compounds of formula L₁—H:

[0247] The invention also provides a compound of formula R_(a)—X—L₂wherein X, and L₂ have any of the values defined herein and R_(a) is asuitable leaving group. The compound of formula L₁—H can also bealkylated by treatment with an aldehyde of formula L₂—V—CHO (wherein—V—CH₂— is equivalent to —X—), under reductive alkylation conditions.Reagents and conditions suitable for carrying out the reductivealkylation of an amine are known in the art (for example, see AdvancedOrganic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure, 4 ed., 1992, JerryMarch, John Wiley & Sons, New York).

[0248] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preparing acompound of formula (1) wherein L₁ comprises a nitrogen that is bondedto X, comprising alkylating a corresponding compound of formula L₁—Hwith a compound of formula L₂—V—CHO (wherein —V—CH₂— has any of thevalues for —X— described herein).

Scheme C

L₁—X—R_(a)+H—L₂→(I)

[0249] A compound of formula (I) wherein L₂ comprises a nitrogen that isbonded to X, can be prepared by alkylating a corresponding compound offormula L₂—H wherein —H is bound to the nitrogen, with a correspondingcompound of L₁—X—R_(a) wherein X and L₁ have any of the values definedherein and R_(a) is a suitable leaving group. Suitable leaving groups anconditions for the alkylation of an amine are known in the art (forexample, see Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms andStructure, 4 ed., 1992, Jerry March, John Wiley & Sons, New York. Forexample, R_(a) can be halo (e.g. chloro, bromo, or iodo),methylsulfonyl, 4-tolylsulfonyl, mesyl, or trifluoromethylsulfonyl.

[0250] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preparing acompound of formula (I) wherein L₂ comprises a nitrogen that is bondedto X, comprising alkylating a corresponding compound of formula L₂—Hwith a compound of L₁—X—R_(a) wherein X and L₁ have any of the valuesdefined herein and R_(a) is a suitable leaving group.

[0251] The compound of formula L₂—H can also be alkylated by treatmentwith an aldehyde of formula L₁—V—CHO (wherein —V—CH₂— is equivalent to—X—), under reductive alkylation conditions. Reagents and conditionssuitable for carrying out the reductive alkylation of an amine are knownin the art (for example, see Advanced Organic Chemistry, ReactionMechanisms and Structure, 4 ed., 1992, Jerry March, John Wiley & Sons,New York).

[0252] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preparing acompound of formula (I) wherein L₂ comprises a nitrogen that is bondedto X, comprising alkylating a corresponding compound of formula L₂—Hwith a compound of formula L₁—V—CHO (wherein —V—CH₂— has any of thevalues for —X— described herein).

[0253] It will be understood that the alkylation reactions in Schemes Band C can optionally be carried out using suitably protected derivativesof L₁—H, L₂—H, L₁—X—R_(a), R_(a)—X—L₂, L₁—V—CHO, and L₂—V—CHO. Suitableprotecting groups as well as conditions for their incorporation andremoval are known in the art (for example, see Greene, T. W.; Wutz, P.G. M. “Protecting Groups In Organic Synthesis” second edition, 1991, NewYork, John Wiley & sons, Inc.). Thus, a compound of formula (I) can alsobe prepared by deprotecting a corresponding compound of formula (I)bearing one or more protecting groups.

[0254] Accordingly, the invention provides a method for preparing acompound of formula (I) comprising deprotecting a corresponding compoundof formula (I) that bears one or more protecting groups. The inventionalso provides an intermediate compound of formula (I) that bears one ormore protecting groups.

Combinatorial Synthesis

[0255] Compounds of formula (I) can conveniently be prepared usingcombinatorial synthesis methods (e.g. solid phase and solution phasecombinatorial synthesis methods) that are known in the art. For example,compounds of formula (I) can be prepared using combinatorial methodslike those escribed in International Patent Application PublicationNumber WO 99/64043.

Utility, Testing, and Administration Utility

[0256] The compounds of this invention are muscarinic receptorantagonists or agonists. A preferred sub-groug of compounds of theinvention are M₂ muscarinic receptor antagonists. Accordingly, thecompounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are usefulin the treatment and prevention of diseases mediated by these receptorssuch as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, irritable bowelsyndrome, urinary incontinence, rhinitis, spasmodic colitis, chroniccystitis, and Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, glaucoma,schizophrenia, gastroesophogeal reflux disease, cardiac arrhythmia,hyper salvation syndromes, and the like.

Testing

[0257] The ability of the compounds of formula (I) to inhibit amuscarinic receptor (e.g. the M₂ or M₃ subtype) may be demonstratedusing a variety of in vitro assays and in vivo assays known in thefield, or may be demonstrated using an assay described in biologicalexamples 1-6 below.

Pharmaceutical Formulations

[0258] When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of this inventionare usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.These compounds can be administered by a variety of routes includingoral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intravesicular, and intranasal. These compounds are effective as bothinjectable and oral compositions. Such compositions are prepared in amanner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least oneactive compound.

[0259] This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions whichcontain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the compoundsdescribed herein associated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.In making the compositions of this invention, the active ingredient isusually mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosedwithin such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet,paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it canbe a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle,carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions canbe in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets,elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solidor in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% byweight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules,suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packagedpowders.

[0260] In preparing a formulation, it may be necessary to mill theactive compound to provide the appropriate particle size prior tocombining with the other ingredients. If the active compound issubstantially insoluble, it ordinarily is milled to a particle size ofless than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially watersoluble, the particle size is normally adjusted by milling to provide asubstantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40mesh.

[0261] Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose,sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate,alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystallinecellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, andmethyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricatingagents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wettingagents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such asmethyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoringagents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as toprovide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredientafter administration to the patient by employing procedures known in theart.

[0262] The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form,each dosage containing from about 0.001 to about 1 g, usually about 0.1to about 500 mg, more usually about 1 to about 50 mg, of the activeingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discreteunits suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals,each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active materialcalculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in associationwith a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Preferably, the compound ofFormula (I) above is employed at no more than about 20 weight percent ofthe pharmaceutical composition, more preferably no more than about 15weight percent, with the balance being pharmaceutically inertcarrier(s).

[0263] The active compound is effective over a wide dosage range and isgenerally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It, willbe understood, however, that the amount of the compound actuallyadministered will be determined by a physician, in the light of therelevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, thechosen route of administration, the actual compound administered and itsrelative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individualpatient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

[0264] For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principalactive ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form asolid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of acompound of the present invention. When referring to thesepreformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the activeingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that thecomposition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosageforms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation isthen subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described abovecontaining from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the activeingredient of the present invention.

[0265] The tablets or pills of the present invention may be coated orotherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage ofprolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an innerdosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of anenvelope over the former. The two components can be separated by anenteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach andpermit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to bedelayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such entericlayers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acidsand mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetylalcohol, and cellulose acetate.

[0266] The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the presentinvention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injectioninclude aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oilsuspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as corn oil,cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well aselixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.

[0267] Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions andsuspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents,or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions maycontain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as describedsupra. Preferably the compositions are administered by the oral or nasalrespiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions inpreferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by useof inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from thenebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a facemask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine.Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered,preferably orally or nasally, from devices which deliver the formulationin an appropriate manner.

EXAMPLES

[0268] The following preparations and examples are given to enable thoseskilled in the art to more clearly understand and to practice thepresent invention. They should not be considered as limiting the scopeof the invention, but merely as being illustrative and representativethereof.

[0269] In the examples below, the following abbreviations have thefollowing meanings. Unless otherwise stated, all temperatures are indegrees Celsius. If an abbreviation is not defined, it has its generallyaccepted meaning. g gram mg milligram min minute ml milliliter mmolmillimol

Synthetic Examples Example 1

[0270] The intermediate compound of formula 1B was prepared as follows.

[0271] Biphenyl-2-isocynate (50 g, 256 mmol) was dissolved in 400 mLanhydrous acetonitrile in a 2L rbf at room temperature. After cooling to0 C. using an ice bath, a solution of 4-amino-N-benzylpiperidine (48.8g, 256 mmol) dissolved in 400 mL anhydrous acetonitrile was added over 5minutes. Precipitate was observed immediately. After 15 minutes, anadditional 600 mL anhydrous acetonitrile was added to permit stirring ofthe viscous solution for 12 h at 35° C. The solids were filtered, andwashed with cold acetonitrile then dried under vacuum, yielding acolorless solid (100 g, 98%). This material was characterized by ¹H—NMR,¹³C—NMR and MS.

[0272] Compound 1A (20 g, 52 mmol) was dissolved in 800 mL of a 3:1mixture of anhydrous methanol to anhydrous DMF. Aqueous HCl was added(0.75 mL of 37% conc solution, 7.6 mmol) and nitrogen gas bubbledthrough the solution vigorously for 20 min. Pd(OH)2 (Pearlman'scatalyst, 5 g) was added under a stream of nitrogen. A large ballooncontaining H2 gas was placed and the solution allowed to stir for 4d.The solution was passed twice through pads of celite to remove thecatalyst, and the solution evaporated to dryness under vacuum to yield acolorless solid (13 g, 85%). This material was characterized by ¹H—NMR,¹³C—NMR and MS.

[0273] Following the procedures described above but substituting theappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(VI)) listed in Table A below were prepared. Unless otherwise noted, forthe compounds in Tables A—F, L₂ is attached to X through the secondarynon-aromatic amine of L₂. TABLE A

(VI) Compound L2 Mass Spec Found  1 A224 411.6  2  A87 488.6  3 A172517.7  4  A90 514.7  5 A141 607.8  6 A169 517.7  7 A164 517.78  8 A208451.6  9 A199 467.6 10  A23 534.6 11  A70 542.7 12  A73 542.7 13 A156605.8 14  A95 511.7 15 A115 467.6 16 A156 605.8 17 A516 487.7 18 A364511.7 19  A96 485.6 20 A508 537.7 21 A509 537.7 22 A190 505.7 23 (135)616.8 24  A51 532.7 25 A524 496.7 26 A410 542.7 27 A368 516.7 28  A84515.7 29  A65 516.7 30 A193 548.8 31 A142 604.8 32 A177 556.8 33  A68515.7 34 A501 529.7 35 A525 574.7 36 A168 554.7 37 A437 604.8 38  A61536.7 39 A117 480.6 40 A166 542.7 41   78 520.7 42  A49 583.7 43 A367514.7 44 A526 572.7 45 A229 547.7 46 A239 427.6 47 A179 483.7 48 A182437.6 49  A55 467.6 50 A510 514.7 51 A502 502.7 52  A43 551.7 53 A218518.7 54 A123 494.6 55 A126 538.7 56 A134 534.6 57 A120 480.6 58 A157517.7 59 A396 533.7 60  A25 569.7 61  A83 559.7 62 A161 469.6 63  A11*571.1 64 A420 554.7 65 A135 541.7 66 A411 543.7 67  A88 531.7 68 A386527.7 69 A404 538.7 70  A72 529.7 71  A26 569.8 72  A75 513.7 73 A419553.7 74 A375 517.7 75  A20 527.7 76 A427 571.7 77 A527 619.8 78  A9485.6 79 A520 467.6 80  A19 453.6 81 A513 551.7 82  A10 517.7 83 A110466.6 84  A4 494.6 85  A19 453.6 86 A103 530.7 87  A60 536.7 88 A131600.7 89 A114 440.6 90 A197 468.6 91 A151 451.6 92 A195 463.6 93 A528495.7 94 A347 487.7 95 A328 467.6 96  A22 526.7 97 A336 480.6 98  A77585.8 99 A145 452.6 100  A211 550.7

[0274] Following the procedures described above but substitutingappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(VeI)) listed in Table B below were prepared. TABLE B

(VII) Compound L2 Mass Spec Found 101 A224 395.6 102  A87 472.6 103 A529381.5 104 A530 533.1 105 A172 501.7 106 A141 591.8 107 A164 501.7 108A199 451.6 109  A70 526.7 110  A73 526.7 111 A156 589.8 112 A230 521.7113 A391 515.7 114  A95 495.7 115 A156 589.8 116 A516 471.7 117  A97495.7 118  A96 469.6 119 A508 521.7 120 A509 521.7 121 A190 489.7 122A435 600.8 123 A410 526.7 124  A84 499.7 125 A193 532.8 126 A142 588.8127 A177 540.8 128  A68 499.7 129 A433 588.8 130 A166 526.7 131  A31498.7 132 A526 556.7 133 A436 616.1 134  A50 602.1 135 A132 505.7 136A231 526.5 137 A229 531.7 138 A401 522.1 139 A373 501.7 140  A90 498.7141 A502 486.7 142  A43 535.7 143  A43^(@) 536.7 144 A576 522.7 145 A374501.7 146  A17 511.7 147  A21 517.7 148  A83 543.7 149 A531 538.7 150A125 525.7 151 A210 527.7 152  A88 515.7 153  A78 511.7 154 A404 522.7155  A72 513.7 156  A26 553.8 157  A75 497.7 158 A419 537.7 159 A527603.8 160 A520 451.6 161 A513 535.7 162 A164 501.7 163  A4 478.7 164A521 515.7 165  A60 520.7 166 A522 584.7 167 A192 551.7 168 A122 533.7169 A109 499.7 170 A383 507.7 171 A395 516.7 172 A503 594.8 173 A528479.7 174  A99 471.7 175  A22 510.7 176 A532 569.8

[0275] Following the procedures described above but substitutingappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(VIII)) listed in Table C below were prepared. TABLE C (VIII)

Compound L2 Mass Spec Found 177 A508 607.8 178 A509 607.8 179 A501 599.8180 A90 584.8 181 A502 572.8 182 A43 621.8 183 A513 621.8 184 A503 681.0185 A87 558.8 186 A164 587.8 187 A90 584.8 188 A90^(@) 585.8 189 A10587.8 190 A172 587.8 191 A208 521.7 192 A330 537.8 193 A70 612.9 194 A73612.9 195 A8 601.8 196 A95 581.8 197 A115 537.8 198 A516 557.8 199 A97581.8 200 A96 555.8 201 A358 575.9 202 A517 687.0 203 A62 612.9 204 A74586.8 205 A84 585.8 206 A65 586.8 207 A193 618.9 208 A142 674.9 209 A177626.9 210 A501 585.8 211 A217 644.8 212 A168 624.9 213 A166 612.9 214A31 584.8 215 A28 642.9 216 A104 702.3 217 A144 608.2 218 A373 587.8 219A90^(@) 585.8 220 A43^(@) 622.8 221 A576 608.8 222 A374 587.8 223 A17597.9 224 A396 603.8 225 A214 625.9 226 A83 629.8 227 A418 622.9 228A135 611.6 229 A210 613.9 230 A88 601.8 231 A404 608.8 232 A121 624.8233 A520 537.8 234 A164 587.8 235 A4 564.8 236 A521 601.8 237 A60 606.9238 A522 670.9 239 A109 585.8 240 A22 596.8 241 A532 655.9 242 A397604.7 243 A120 550.8 244 A533 509.7 245 A505* 626.9 246 A506 598.8 247A431 659.9 248 A388 597.9 249 A366 583.8 250 A534 578.8 251 A417 622.9252 A577 575.8 253 A319 536.7 254 A381 593.8 255 A338 550.8 256 A329537.8 257 A403 608.8 258 A333 549.8

[0276] Following the procedures described above but substitutingappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(IX)) listed in Table D below were prepared. TABLE D (IX)

Compound L2 Mass Spec Found 259 A508 591.8 260 A509 591.8 261 A501 583.8262 A510 568.8 263 A502 556.8 264 A43 605.8 265 A512 581.8 266 A513605.8 267 A503 665.0 268 A223 542.8 269 A224 465.7 272 A535 661.9 273A536 571.8 274 A537 571.8 275 A306 505.7 276 A580 521.8 277 A578 588.7278 A538 596.9 279 A539 596.9 280 A321 520.8 281 A156 659.9 282 A400591.9 283 A8 585.8 284 A363 565.8 285 A359 560.8 286 A324 521.8 287 A156659.9 288 A516 541.8 289 A364 565.8 290 A346 539.8 291 A581 559.9 292A517 671.0 293 A394 586.8 294 A410 596.9 295 A368 570.8 296 A84 569.8297 A369 570.8 298 A193 602.9 299 A432 658.9 300 A423 610.9 301 A68569.8 302 A525 628.8 303 A168 608.9 304 A45 658.9 305 A398 590.8 306A117 534.8 307 A166 596.9 308 A378 574.9 309 A198 523.8 310 A137 534.8311 A316 520.7 312 A339 534.8 313 A322 520.8 314 A352 548.8 315 A430637.9 316 A384 568.8 317 A28 626.9 318 A436 686.3 319 A50 672.2 320 A132575.8 321 A205 550.8 322 A154 566.8 323 A413 601.8 324 A144 592.2 325A301 481.7 326 A344 537.8 327 A182 491.7 328 A373 571.18 329 A340 535.8330 A325 521.8 331 A94 567.8 332 A218 572.8 333 A348 548.8 334 A519588.9 335 A126 592.8 336 A397 588.7 337 A155 571.18 338 A308 507.7 339A387 581.9 340 A311 521.8 341 A21 587.8 342 A426 623.9 343 A422 609.9344 A424 613.8 345 A418 606.9 346 A161 523.7 347 A11 625.9 348 A420608.8 349 A406 595.8 350 A210 597.9 351 A374 585.8 352 A386 581.9 353A540 592.8 354 A72 583.8 355 A26 623.9 356 A365 567.8 357 A419 607.9 358A341 535.8 359 A412 599.8 360 A121 608.8 361 A375 571.8 362 A385 581.8363 A427 625.9 364 A527 674.0 365 A345 539.8 366 A327 521.8 367 A583507.7 368 A227 673.0 369 A312 511.7 370 A4115 603.8 371 A376 571.8 372A98 592.8 373 A317 520.7 374 A4 548.8 375 A165 535.7 376 A380 577.8 377A541 585.8 378 A584 589.8 379 A311 507.7 380 A521 585.8 381 A390 584.9382 A399 590.9 383 A131 654.9 384 A27 495.7 385 A204 548.8 386 A122603.9 387 A350 548.8 388 A425 617.9 389 A109 569.8 390 A542 664.0 391A114 494.7 392 A331 522.7 393 A235 577.8 394 A543 586.8 395 A151 505.8396 A313 517.7 397 A528 549.9 398 A99 541.8 399 A328 521.8 400 A384580.8 401 A314 519.8 402 A335 534.8 403 A360 562.2 404 A77 639.9 405A145 506.7 406 A71 563.8 407 A124 523.7 408 A377 573.8 409 A416 604.8410 A329 521.8 411 A43 606.8 412 A307 505.8 413 A397 588.7 414 A337#534.8 415 A303 493.7 416 A544 610.9 417 A506 582.8 418 A431 643.9 419A388 581.9 420 A366 567.8 421 A523 562.8 422 A545 606.9 423 A577 559.8424 A319 520.7 425 A381 577.8 426 A351 548.8 427 A338 534.8 428 A362563.8 429 A507 477.7 430 A402 592.8 431 A403 592.8 432 A315 519.8 433A333 533.8

[0277] Following the procedures described above but substitutingappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(X)) listed in Table E below were prepared. TABLE E (X)

Compound L2 Mass Spec Found 434 A130 525.7 435 A105 521.8 436 A356 571.8437 A415 617.8 438 A579 585.8 439 A98 606.8 440 A317 534.8 441 A349562.8 442 A465 549.8 443 A380 591.8 444 A546 599.8 445 A547 548.8 446A548 587.8 447 A386 676.9 448 A311 521.8 449 A521 599.9 450 A127 490.7451 A390 598.9 452 A399 604.9 453 A342 550.8 454 A27 509.7 455 A549562.9 456 A550 635.9 457 A238 617.9 458 A350 562.8 459 A425 631.9 460A109 583.9 461 A114 508.7 462 A331 536.8 463 A551 585.8 464 A235 591.9465 A395 600.8 466 A13 615.8 467 A552 507.8 468 A151 519.8 469 A313531.8 470 A35 507.8 471 A99 555.8 472 A328 535.8 473 A22 594.9 474 A314533.8 475 A336 548.8 476 A228 684.0 477 A360 576.2 478 A145 520.7 479A302 505.8 480 A71 577.8 481 A553 656.9 482 A124 537.8 483 A554 587.8484 A416 618.9 485 A555 625.9 486 A556 701.0 487 A557 716.0 488 A558638.9 489 A559 624.8 490 A560 654.0 491 A561 654.0 492 A508 605.8 493A509 605.8 494 A501 597.9 495 A510 582.8 496 A502 570.8 497 A43 619.9498 A512 595.8 499 A513 619.9 500 A503 679.0 501 A504 556.8 502 A514613.9 503 A402 606.9 504 A403 606.9 505 A397 602.8 506 A337 548.8 507A303 507.7 508 A505 624.9 509 A506 596.9 510 A431 658.0 511 A388 595.9512 A366 581.9 513 A523 576.8 514 A417 620.9 515 A577 573.8 516 A319534.8 517 A381 591.8 518 A351 562.8 519 A338 548.8 520 A362 577.8 521A507 491.7 522 A324 535.8 523 A315 533.8 524 A333 547.8 525 A427 718.8526 A402 685.8 527 A562 506.7 528 A563 506.7 529 A564 520.8 530 A565731.0 531 A370 585.8 532 A371 585.8 533 A372 585.8 534 A587 519.7 535A330 535.8 536 A320 534.8 537 A578 602.8 538 A588 548.8 539 A538 610.9540 A539 610.9 541 A321 534.8 542 A156 674.0 543 A141 675.9 544 A569687.0 545 A400 605.9 546 A391 599.9 547 A363 579.8 548 A359 574.9 549A311 535.8 550 A570 602.9 551 A515 674.0 552 A178 680.0 553 A364 579.8554 A346 553.8 555 A358 573.9 556 A517 685.0 557 A571 634.0 558 A51600.8 559 A64 564.8 560 A67 619.9 561 A62 610.9 562 A180 617.9 563 A74584.8 564 A84 583.8 565 A65 584.8 566 A193 616.9 567 A432 672.9 568 A200591.9 569 A177 624.9 570 A572 632.0 571 A174 603.9 572 A68 583.8 573A525 642.9 574 A168 622.9 575 A45 673.0 576 A61 604.8 577 A117 548.8 578A166 610.9 579 A378 588.9 580 A137 548.8 581 A34 534.8 582 A93 548.8 583A59 562.9 584 A585 651.9 585 A31 582.8 586 A28 640.9 587 A436 700.3 588A50 686.3 589 A3 675.0 590 A379 589.8 591 A573 610.7 592 A355 564.8 593A413 615.9 594 A401 606.3 595 A301 495.7 596 A179 551.8 597 A82 551.8598 A12 585.8 599 A55 535.8 600 A133 607.9 601 A94 581.8 602 A100 570.8603 A123 562.8 604 A589 606.9 605 A134 602.8 606 A203 548.8 607 A17595.9 608 A66 535.8 609 A214 623.9 610 A574 627.9 611 A154 585.8 612 A6636.9 613 A185 521.8 614 A2 525.7 615 A119 569.8 616 A21 601.8 617 A25637.9 618 A33 620.9 619 A161 537.8 620 A11* 639.9 621 A420 622.9 622A135 609.9 623 A210 611.9 624 A88 599.9 625 A72 597.9 626 A69 521.8 627A26 637.9 628 A365 581.9 629 A171 621.9 630 A81 549.8 631 A412 613.9 632A121 622.9 633 A18 663.9 634 A232 585.8 635 A575 670.0 636 A20 595.8 637A153 639.9 638 A590 688.0 639 A91 477.7 640 A9 553.8 641 A194 535.8 642A310 521.8 643 A227 687.0

[0278] Following the procedures described above but substitutingappropriate starting materials, the compounds of the invention (formula(XI)) listed in Table F below were prepared. TABLE F (XI)

Compound L2 Mass Spec Found 270 A224 609.6 271 A87 686.7

[0279] In the above tables *signifies that L₂ is attached to X throughthe piperidine nitrogen of L₂; @signifies that L₂ is attached to Xthrough the pyridine nitrogen of L₂; and #signifies that L₂ is attachedto X through the pyrrolidine nitrogen of L₂.

Formulation Examples Example 1

[0280] Hard gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients areprepared: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 30.0 Starch305.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0

[0281] The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatincapsules in 340 mg quantities.

Example 2

[0282] A tablet Formula is prepared using the ingredients below:Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 25.0 Cellulose,microcrystalline 200.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0

[0283] The components are blended and compressed to form tablets, eachweighing 240 mg.

Example 3

[0284] A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing thefollowing components: Ingredient Weight % Active Ingredient 5 Lactose 95

[0285] The active ingredient is mixed with the lactose and the mixtureis added to a dry powder inhaling appliance.

Example 4

[0286] Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are preparedas follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 30.0 mgStarch 45.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 35.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone4.0 mg (as 10% solution in sterile water) Sodium carboxymethyl starch4.5 mg Magnesium stearate 0.5 mg Talc 1.0 mg Total 120 mg

[0287] The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through aNo. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are thenpassed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are driedat 50° to 60° C. and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodiumcarboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc, previously passedthrough a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which,after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets eachweighing 120 mg.

Example 5

[0288] Capsules, each containing 40 mg of medicament are made asfollows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 40.0 mgStarch 109.0 mg Magnesium stearate 1.0 mg Total 150.0 mg

[0289] The active ingredient, starch, and magnesium stearate areblended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hardgelatin capsules in 150 mg quantities.

Example 6

[0290] Suppositories, each containing 25 mg of active ingredient aremade as follows: Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 25 mg Saturatedfatty acid glycerides to 2,000 mg

[0291] The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieveand suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously meltedusing the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into asuppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool.

Example 7

[0292] Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of medicament per 5.0 mL doseare made as follows: Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 50.0 mg Xanthangum 4.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11%) Microcrystallinecellulose (89%) 50.0 mg Sucrose 1.75 g Sodium benzoate 10.0 mg Flavorand Color q.v. Purified water to 5.0 mL

[0293] The active ingredient, sucrose and xanthan gum are blended,passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with apreviously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose in water. The sodium benzoate, flavor, and colorare diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficientwater is then added to produce the required volume.

Example 8

[0294] A formulation may be prepared as follows: Quantity Ingredient(mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 15.0 mg Starch 407.0 mg Magnesiumstearate 3.0 mg Total 425.0 mg

[0295] The active ingredient, starch, and magnesium stearate areblended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hardgelatin capsules in 425.0 mg quantities.

Example 9

[0296] A formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient QuantityActive Ingredient 5.0 mg Corn Oil 1.0 mL

[0297] Another preferred formulation employed in the methods of thepresent invention employs transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Suchtransdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuousinfusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlledamounts. The construction and use of transdermal patches for thedelivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252, issued Jun. 11, 1991, herein incorporated byreference in its entirety. Such patches may be constructed forcontinuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

[0298] Other suitable formulations for use in the present invention canbe found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by E. W. Martin(Mack Publishing Company, 18th ed., 1990).

Biological Examples Example 1 M₂ Muscarinic Receptor In Vitro BindingAssay

[0299] The M₂ muscarininc receptor binding activity of compounds of theinvention was tested as follows.

[0300] SF9 cell membranes containing human M₂ muscarinic receptor wasobtained from NEN (Boston, Mass.). In 96-well microtiter plates, eightserial five-fold dilutions were prepared with the compound to beassayed; the highest concentration was typically 4 μM (4× the finalconcentration). To 100 μl of compound dilution was added 150 μL M₃receptor membrane preparation in PBS/1.0 mM MgCl₂/pH 7.4. 50 μl of 3.2nM 3H-N-methylscopolamine radioligand was added. The total volume ineach well was then 300 μl. The filter plate was pre-blocked using 0.3%PEI for at least 15 minutes, and then washed twice with 200 μl PBS. Theassay plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with gentleshaking. The contents of the assay plate were then transferred to thefilter plate, and washed three times using 200 μl PBS. About 40 μl ofscint was added to each well and then the plate was allowed to sit atroom temperature for 2 h, and then counted using a Packard Topcount NXT.Counting was typically performed for 1 minute per well using a standardprotocol on a Packard top counter. The raw data was fit to a standard4-parameter equation given below and a value of IC₅₀ obtained.

[0301] Y=(a-d)/(1+(x/c)^(b))+d where Y = cpm a = total binding b = slopec = IC₅₀ x = [compound] d = nonspecific binding

[0302] Representative compounds of the invention were found to havepK_(b) values of greater than 6, and to have IC₅₀ values of less thanabout 50 μm.

[0303] A similar protocol was used to measure M1, M3, M4 and M5 humanmuscarinic receptor activity.

Example 2

[0304] Rat Heart Muscarinic Receptor In Vitro Binding Assay Tissue (ratheart) muscarininc receptor binding activity of compounds of theinvention was tested as follows.

[0305] Muscarinic receptor enriched membranes were isolated from wholehearts (Pelfreeze Laboratories). Rat heart tissue was typically preparedas follows. 25 μl of ice cold buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl/10 mMMgCl₂ at pH 7.5 with “Complete” protease inhibitor cocktail purchasedfrom Boehringer Mannheim was added into an oakridge tube. To the tubewas then added 2 g of rat heart (purchased from Harlan). The contents ofthe tube were then transferred to a wheaton glass cylinder andhomogenized using a Polytron homogenizer (setting 22, 15 seconds×2), andthen transferred back to the oakridge tube, and centrifuged for 10minutes at 1500 g. The supernatant was removed and then centrifuged for20 minutes at 45000 g. The supernatant was removed and the pelletresuspended in 5 mL buffer and transferred to a wheaton glass cylinder.This material was then homogenized using a Potter type glass teflonhomogenizer with 7-8 passes. The material was then transferred to anoakridge tube and the total volume was brought up to 25 mL. Thismaterial was then centrifuged for 20 minutes at 45000 g, and the pelletre-suspended in 2 mL buffer using 2 passes of a teflon homogenizer, andstored at −80° C. until used.

[0306] A protocol similar to that used for cloned receptor binding wasused: Eight serial five-fold dilutions were prepared with the compoundto be assayed; the highest concentration was typically 4 μM (4× thefinal concentration). To 50 μl of compound dilution in a 96-well assayplate was added an appropriate amount of rat heart membrane (usually12.5 μl of membrane prep in 87.5 μl of 20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl/10 mMMgCl₂ at pH 7.5). The amount of membrane added depends in general on theresults of signal optimization, and ranges from 6.25-12.5 μl. Last, 50μl of 2.12 nM 3H-N-methylscopolamine radioligand was added. The totalvolume in each well was 200 μl. The filter plate was pre-blocked using0.3% PEI for at least 15 min., and then washed twice with 200 μl PBS.The assay plate was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with gentleshaking. The contents of the assay plate were then transferred to thefilter plate, and washed three times using 200 μl PBS. About 40 μl ofscint was added to each well and then the plate was allowed to sit atroom temperature for 18 h, and then counted using a Packard TopcountNXT. Counting was typically performed for 1 min., per well using astandard protocol on the Packard counter. The data was fit to normalisotherms and values for inhibition constants were extracted.Representative compounds of the invention were found to have pK_(b)values of greater than 6, and to have IC₅₀ values of less than about 50μm.

[0307] A similar procedure was used to measure muscarinic receptorbinding at rat submaxillary gland, rat bladder, rat submandibular gland,guinea pig heart, guinea pig submaxillary gland, guinea pig bladder, andguinea pig submandibular gland, as well as in similar human tissues.

Example 3 Rat Bladder M₃ In Vitro Binding Assay

[0308] Bladder was comprised of both M₂ and M₃ muscarinic receptors. Theratio was typically 4:1 M₂:M₃. In order to measure binding of testcompounds to one of M₂ or M₃, the other was blocked with a reversibleligand that binds selectively to that receptor. The following exampleillustrates the procedure for M₃ bladder binding.

[0309] Membranes from rat bladder were prepared in a similar fashion tothat used to isolate heart membrane above. Eight serial five-folddilutions were prepared with the compound to be assayed in compounddilution buffer (20 mM HEPES/100 mM NaCl/10 mM MgCl₂/4 μMMethoctramine); the highest concentration was typically 4 μM (4× thefinal concentration). The concentration of methoctramine was sufficientto block >99% of the M₂ receptor in bladder, but less than 40% of the M₃receptor in bladder. To 50 μl of compound dilution in a 96-well assayplate was added an appropriate amount of rat heart membrane (usually 25μl of membrane prep in 75 μl of 20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl/10 mM MgCl₂ atpH 7.5). The amount of membrane added depended in general on the resultsof signal optimization, and ranged from 12.5-25. Last, 50 μl of 2.12 nM3H-N-methylscopolamine radioligand in compound dilution buffer wasadded. The total volume in each well was 200 μl. The final concentrationof methoctramine was 2 μM. The filter plate was pre-blocked using 0.3%PEI for at least 15 mins., and then washed twice with 200 μl PBS. Theassay plate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with gentleshaking. The contents of the assay plate was then transferred to thefilter plate, and washed three times using 200 μl PBS. About 40 μl ofscint was added to each well, the plate was allowed to sit at roomtemperature for 18h, and then counted using a Packard Topcount NXT.Counting was typically performed for 1 minute per well using a standardprotocol on the Packard counter. The data was fit to normal isothermsand values for inhibition constants were extracted. Representativecompounds of the invention were found to have IC₅₀ values of less thanabout 500 μm.

[0310] A similar procedure was used to measure binding at bladder M₂,but in this case, 2 μM Darifenacin was used to block >99% of the M₂receptor, but minimal M₃ receptor.

Example 4 Ex Vivo Rat Bladder Contraction Assay

[0311] The ability of the test compound to inhibit cholinergicallystimulated bladder contraction was tested as follows.

[0312] Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g are killed by CO₂overdose. The bladder was removed and placed in a petri dish containingKrebs-Henseleit solution at room temperature. The apex and dome areas ofthe bladder were discarded and the remaining tissue cut intolongitudinal strips (4 from each rat). The strips were mounted in anorgan bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37° C., under aresting tension of 0.5 g. The tissues were allowed to equilibrate for 60min., (washes at 0, 30 and 60 min.). Tension was readjusted to 1 g asnecessary. A cumulative concentration response curve to carbachol (10-8M to 10-5 M (e.g.) in 3-fold increments) was constructed in each tissue.Tissues were then washed every 5 min., for 30 min., and tensionreadjusted to 1 g. After additional 30 min., muscarinic antagonist(typically 1×10-7 M) or vehicle was added. Thirty minutes afterantagonist or vehicle addition, a cumulative concentration responsecurve to carbachol (10-8M to 10-3M (e.g.)) was constructed. Data fromeach concentration response curve was expressed as a percentage of themaximum contraction to carbachol. The EC₅₀ values were calculated. Theconcentration-ratios were calculated taking into account any spontaneousshift in the control tissue. For competitive antagonists, the pKb valuewas calculated using the following equation:${pKB} = {- \frac{\log \left\lbrack {{antagonist}\quad {concentration}} \right\rbrack}{{CR} - 1}}$

[0313] Representative compounds of the invention were found to havepK_(b) values of greater than 5.

Example 5 In Vivo Rat Salivation Assay

[0314] Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were anesthetizedwith pentobarbital (60 mg/kg i.p.). Rats were placed on a heated blanketunder a 20 degree incline. A swab was placed in the rat's mouth.Muscarinic antagonist or vehicle was administered i.v. via the tailvein. After 5 min., oxotremorine (0.3 mg/kg) was administered s.c. Theswab was discarded and replaced by a pre-weighed swab. Saliva was thencollected for 15 min. After 15 min., the swab was weighed and thedifference in its weight was used to calculate the antisecretory potencyof the antagonists. The data was fit to normal isotherms and ID50 valueswere extracted.

Example 6 In Vivo Bladder Assay

[0315] Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were anesthetizedwith urethane (1.3 g/kg, i.p.), inactin (25 mg/kg, i.p.), and xylazine(4 mg, i.p.). The jugular (or femoral) vein was isolated and ligated anda small incision was made in the vein distal to the ligation. A catheter(micro-Renathane tubing (0.014 mm ID×0.033 mm OD) filled with saline wasinserted into the vein and secured into place with suture thread. Thetrachea was isolated and placed in a small hole between two of therings. Tubing (1.57 mm ID×2.08 mm OD) was inserted into the trachea andtied into place with suture thread. The incision was closed leaving thetubing exposed. The tracheotomy was to prevent the animal fromasphyxiating on his own saliva following oxotremorine administration.The stomach was shaved and then cleaned with ethanol. A midline sagitalincision was made in the skin and muscle layers of the lower stomach.The bladder was exposed and the saline filled cannula (22-gauge needleattached to a pressure transducer with PE 90 tubing) was inserted intothe apex of the bladder to the most distal part of the bladder. Thebladder was placed back into the peritoneal cavity. The bladder wasemptied manually by disconnecting the cannula and allowing the contentsto flow out until the bladder was approximately 1 cm in diameter. Theincision was closed with suture thread, first the muscle layer, then theskin in order to keep the bladder moist and warm. The exposed portion ofthe cannula to the skin surface was sutured to hold it in place. After15 min. oxotremorine (0.3 mg/kg, SC, baseweight) was injected. After 10min., (or until baseline stabilized) a test compound or a referencestandard was injected with a dose equivalent to 0.005-0.01 mg/kg, IV,baseweight of atropine that produced a 30-70% decrease in intraluminalpressure. After 5 min., a high dose of atropine 0.1 mg/kg was injected,i.v., to establish the true 100% inhibition point.

[0316] For data analysis, the oxotremorine response (zero inhibition)was determined by measuring the mean pressure 1 minute prior to theantagonist injection. Then, to assess antagonist inhibition, meanpressure was mesured beginning at 1 minute and ending 2 minutes afterantagonist administration. If the pressure had not leveled off after 1minute, a wait was initiated until it was stable and then a 1-minutesample of the mean was taken. Lastly, to determine the true 100%inhibition point, the mean pressure was measured beginning 1 minutes andending 2 minutes after the high dose atropine challenge. The percentinhibition by the antagonist can be determined by the ratio of thedecrease from the zero to 100% values.

[0317] The formula is: oxotremorine mean−treatment mean *100

[0318] oxotremorine mean−atropine mean.

[0319] Additionally, the activity of a compound of the invention onother tissues can be determined using screening protocols that are knownin the art. For example, an assessment of increased locomotor activity(assay for CNS penetration) can be carried out as described by Sipos ML, et al., (1999) Psychopharmacology 147(3):250-256; an assessment ofthe effects of a compound on gastrointestinal motility can be carriedout as described by Macht D I, and Barba-Gose J (1931) J Am Pharm Assoc20:558-564; an assessment of the effects of a compound on pupil diameter(mydriasis) can be carried out as described by Parry M, Heathcote B V(1982) Life Sci 31:1465-1471; and an assessment of a compounds effectson urinary bladder in dog can be carried out as described by Newgreen DT, et al. (1996) J Urol 155:600 A.

[0320] Preferred compounds of the invention may display selectivity forone or more tissues over other tissues. For example, compounds of theinvention that are useful for treating urinary incontinence may showhigher activity in the assay of Example 6 than in the assay of Example5.

[0321] Preferred compounds useful for treating urinary incontinence andirritable bowel syndrome have greater antagonist activity at the M₂receptor than at the M₃ receptor or the other muscarinic receptors.

[0322] Preferred compounds useful for treating unwanted salivation havegreater antagonist activity at the M₃ receptor than at the M₂ receptoror the other muscarinic receptors.

[0323] The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by wayof illustration and example, for purposes of clarity and understanding.It will be obvious to one of skill in the art that changes andmodifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.Therefore, it is to be understood that the above description is intendedto be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined not with reference to the abovedescription, but should instead be determined with reference to thefollowing appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled.

[0324] All patents, patent applications and publications cited in thisapplication are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety forall purposes to the same extent as if each individual patent, patentapplication or publication were so individually denoted.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I): L₁—X—L₂  (I) wherein:L₁ is a group of formula (a):

wherein: A is an aryl or a heteroaryl ring; B″ is —NR^(a)— wherein R^(a)is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted alkyl; R¹ ishydrogen or alkyl; R² is Het, or is selected from a group consisting offormula (i), (ii), and (iii):

wherein: —is an optional double bond; n₁ is an integer of from 1 to 4;n₂ is an integer of from 1 to 3; V is —CH—, —O—, —S(O)n₃— (where n₃ isan integer of from 0 to 2), or —NR⁴—(wherein R⁴ is hydrogen, alkyl,substituted alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl); “Het” is a heteroaryl ringwhich optionally attaches (a) to a linker; R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo,amino, substituted amino, —OR^(a) (where R^(a) is hydrogen, alkyl, oracyl), or a covalent bond attaching (a) to a linker; R⁵ is hydrogen,alkyl, halo, amino, substituted amino, —OR^(b) (where R^(b) is hydrogenor alkyl), aryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or a covalent bond attaching(a) to a linker; R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are, independently of each other,hydrogen, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituentsselected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio,alkylsulfonyl, amino, substituted amino, or a covalent bond attaching(a) to a linker; K is a bond or an alkylene group; K″ is a bond, —C(O)—,—S(O)_(n4)— (where n₄ is an integer of from 0 to 2), or an alkylenegroup optionally substituted with a hydroxyl group; and B isheterocycloamino or heteroarylamino, which optionally attaches (a) to alinker; provided that at least one of the R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, “Het”,heterocycloamino or heteroarylamino groups attaches (a) to a linker; Xis a linker; and L₂ is an organic group comprising at least one primary,secondary, or tertiary amine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt; orprodrug thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein L₂ is a groupselected from a group consisting of: (i) a group of formula (b):

wherein: D″ is alkylene; D is —NR³¹R³², —N⁺(R³³R³⁴R³⁵) or —OR³² whereR³¹, R³³, and R³⁴ are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl, oraralkyl; and R³² and R³⁵ represent a covalent bond attaching (b) to alinker; R²⁷ is hydrogen, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonamido, alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono ordialkylcarbamoyl, amino, mono- or dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio,heteroaryl, heteraryloxy, heteroarylthio, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or alkyl optionally substituted with one, two orthree substituents selected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, or substituted amino; R²⁸ is hydrogen,halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl,thio, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonamido,alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl, thiocarbamoyl, mono or dialkylcarbamoyl,amino, mono- or dialkylamino, or alkyl optionally substituted with one,two, or three substituents selected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino, or substituted amino;R²⁹ and R³⁰ are, independently of each other, hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl,thio, alkylthio, amino, mono- or dialkylamino; or one of R²⁷, R²⁸, R²⁹,or R³⁰ together with the adjacent group forms a methylenedioxy orethylenedioxy group; (ii) a group of formula (c):

wherein: n₁₁ is an integer of from 1 to 7; n₁₂ is 0 to 7; F is —NR⁴⁰—,—O—, —S—, or —CHR⁴¹— (wherein R⁴⁰ and R⁴¹ are, independently of eachother, hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted alkyl); F″ is a covalent bond,—OR⁴³, —NR⁴²R⁴³, or —N⁺R⁴³R⁴⁴R⁴⁵ wherein R⁴² is hydrogen or alkyl, R⁴⁴and R⁴⁵ are alkyl, and R⁴³ is hydrogen, alkyl, or a covalent bondattaching (c) to a linker; R³⁶ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano,hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio,alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonamido, alkylsulfonamido, carbamoyl,thiocarbamoyl, mono or dialkylcarbamoyl, amino, mono- or dialkylamino,aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, heteroaryl, heteraryloxy, heteroarylthio,heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or alkyloptionally substituted with one, two or three substituents selected fromhalo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, amino,or substituted amino; R³⁷ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, nitro, cyano,hydroxy, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, thio, alkylthio, amino, mono- ordialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, heteroaryl, heteraryloxy,heteroarylthio, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyloxy, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl,or alkyl optionally substituted with one, two or three substituentsselected from halo, hydroxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio,alkylsulfonyl, amino, or substituted amino; and R³⁸ is hydrogen, alkyl,halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, or a covalent bond attaching the ligand to alinker provided that at least one of R³⁸ and R⁴³ attaches (c) to alinker; R³⁹ is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, or substitutedalkyl; and (iii) a group of formula (d) or (e):

wherein: R⁴⁶ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substitutedcycloalkyl, or heterocycle; R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, acyl,heterocycle, or —COOR⁵⁰ where R⁵⁰ is alkyl; or R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are attached form heterocycle, whichheterocycle, in addition to optionally bearing the optional substituentsdefined hereinbelow for a heterocycle, can also optionally besubstituted with one or more alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, or substituted alkynyl. R⁴⁸ is a covalentbond that attaches the (d) to a linker; and R⁴⁹ is alkyl.
 3. Thecompound of claim 1 or 2 wherein A is phenyl or pyridyl.
 4. The compoundof claim 1 or 2 wherein B″ is —NH—.
 5. The compound of claim 1 or 2wherein R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 or2 wherein R² is pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, or imidazolyl.
 7. The compound ofclaim 1 or 2 wherein R² is phenyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1 or 2wherein K is a bond or a methylene group.
 9. The compound of claim 1 or2 wherein K″ is a bond.
 10. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein B is aheterocycloamino group which attaches (a) to a linker.
 11. The compoundof claim 1 or 2 wherein B is pyrrolidine, piperidine, orhexahydroazepine attaching (a) to a linker.
 12. The compound of claim 1or 2 wherein B is piperidine wherein the nitrogen atom of saidpiperidine attaches (a) to a linker.
 13. The compound of claim 1 or 2wherein B is piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-3-yl, or 4-methylpiperidin-4-ylwherein the nitrogen at the 1 position optionally attaches (a) to alinker.
 14. The compound of claim 2 wherein: R⁴⁶ is alkyl or substitutedalkyl; R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, or heterocycle; or R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached formheterocycle.
 15. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein L₂ has any one ofthe formula A1-A590 shown hereinabove.
 16. The compound of claim 1 or 2wherein L₂ is A234, A363, A364, A153, A28, A324, A329, A562, A87, orA239.
 17. The compound of claim 1 wherein L₁ is:


18. The compound of claim 18 wherein the piperidino nitrogen of L₁ isbonded to X.
 19. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X is alkyleneoptionally substituted with one, two, or three hydroxy groups, alkylenewherein one, two or three carbon atoms have been replaced by an oxygenatom, -alkylene-phenylene-alkylene- wherein the phenylene ring isoptionally substituted with one or two chloro or fluoro groups.
 20. Thecompound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X is a group of formula: wherein m isan integer of from 0 to 20; X^(a) at each separate occurrence isselected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—,—NR—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—,—C(O)NR—, —C(S)—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)NR— or a covalent bond where R is asdefined below; Z at each separate occurrence is selected from the groupconsisting of alkylene, substituted alkylene, cycloalkylene, substitutedcylcoalkylene, alkenylene, substituted alkenylene, alkynylene,substituted alkynylene, cycloalkenylene, substituted cycloalkenylene,arylene, heteroarylene, heterocyclene, or a covalent bond; Y^(a) andY^(b) at each separate occurrence are selected from the group consistingof —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—,—NR—, —S(O)n—, —C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(O)—,—NR′C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(S)NR′—, —C(═NR′)—NR′—, —NR′—C(═NR′)—, —OC(O)-NR′—,—NR′—C(O)—O—, —N═C(X^(a))—NR′—, —NR′—C(X^(a))═N—,—P(O)(OR′)—O—,—O—P(O)(OR′)—, S(O)_(n)CR′R″—, —S(O)_(n)—NR′—, —NR′—S(O)_(n)—, —S—S—,and a covalent bond; where n is 0, 1 or 2; and R, R′ and R″ at eachseparate occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic; provided atleast one of X^(a), y^(a), Y^(b) or Z is not a covalent bond.
 21. Thecompound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X is an alkylene group having from 3 to20 carbon atoms; wherein one or more carbon atoms in the alkylene groupis optionally replaced with —O—; and wherein the chain is optionallysubstituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl.
 22. The compound ofclaim 1 or 2 wherein X is nonane-1,9-diyl, octane-1,8-diyl,propane-1,3-diyl, 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl, or 5-oxa-nonane-1,9-diyl.23. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X has the following formula:

wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 fluorogroups.
 24. The compound of claim 1 or 2 wherein X has one of thefollowing the formula:


25. The compound of claim 2 which is a compound of Formula (Ia):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
 26. Thecompound of claim 25 wherein X is alkylene optionally substituted withone, two, or three hydroxy groups, alkylene wherein one, two or threecarbon atoms have been replaced by an oxygen atom,-alkylene-phenylene-alkylene- wherein the phenylene ring is optionallysubstituted with one or two chloro or fluoro groups.
 27. The compound ofclaim 25 wherein X is a group of formula:—X^(a)—Z—(Y^(a)—Z)_(m)—Y^(b)—Z—X^(a)— wherein m is an integer of from 0to 20; X^(a) at each separate occurrence is selected from the groupconsisting of —O—, —S—,—NR—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR—, —C(S)—, —C(S)O—,—C(S)NR— or a covalent bond where R is as defined below; Z at eachseparate occurrence is selected from the group consisting of alkylene,substituted alkylene, cycloalkylene, substituted cylcoalkylene,alkenylene, substituted alkenylene, alkynylene, substituted alkynylene,cycloalkenylene, substituted cycloalkenylene, arylene, heteroarylene,heterocyclene, or a covalent bond; Y^(a) and Y^(b) at each separateoccurrence are selected from the group consisting of —O—, —C(O)—,—OC(O)—, —C(O)O—,—NR—, —S(O)n—, —C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(O)—, —NR′C(O)NR′—,—NR′C(S)NR′—, —C(=NR′)—NR′—, —NR′—C(═NR′)—, —OC(O)—NR′—, —NR′—C(O)—O—,—N—C(X^(a))—NR′—, —NR′—C(X^(a))═N—,—P(O)(OR′)—O—,—O—P(O)(OR′)—,—S(O)_(n)CR′R″—, —S(O)_(n)—NR′—, —NR′—S(O)_(n)—, —S—S—,and a covalent bond; where n is 0, 1 or 2; and R, R′ and R″ at eachseparate occurrence are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl,substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic; provided atleast one of X^(a), Y^(a), Y^(b) or Z is not a covalent bond.
 28. Thecompound of claim 25 wherein X is an alkylene group having from 3 to 20carbon atoms; wherein one or more carbon atoms in the alkylene group isoptionally replaced with —O—; and wherein the chain is optionallysubstituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl.
 29. The compound ofclaim 25 wherein X is nonane-1,9-diyl, octane-1,8-diyl,propane-1,3-diyl, 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl, or 5-oxa-nonane-1,9-diyl.30. The compound of claim 25 wherein X has the following formula:

wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 fluorogroups.
 31. The compound of claim 25 wherein X has one of the followingthe formula:


32. The compound of claim 1 which is a compound of formula (IVa):

wherein X, an L₂ are defined as in claim 1; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
 33. The compound of claim 32 whereinX is alkylene optionally substituted with one, two, or three hydroxygroups, alkylene wherein one, two or three carbon atoms have beenreplaced by an oxygen atom, -alkylene-phenylene-alkylene- wherein thephenylene ring is optionally substituted with one or two chloro orfluoro groups.
 34. The compound of claim 32 wherein X is a group offormula: —X^(a)Z—(Y^(a)—Z)_(m)—Y^(b)—Z—X^(a—) wherein m is an integer offrom 0 to 20; X^(a) at each separate occurrence is selected from thegroup consisting of —O—, —S—,—NR—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR—, —C(S)—,—C(S)O—, —C(S)NR— or a covalent bond where R is as defined below; Z ateach separate occurrence is selected from the group consisting ofalkylene, substituted alkylene, cycloalkylene, substitutedcylcoalkylene, alkenylene, substituted alkenylene, alkynylene,substituted alkynylene, cycloalkenylene, substituted cycloalkenylene,arylene, heteroarylene, heterocyclene, or a covalent bond; Y^(a) andY^(b) at each separate occurrence are selected from the group consistingof —O—, —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—,—NR—, —S(O)n—, —C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(O)—,—NR′C(O)NR′—, —NR′C(S)NR′—, —C(═NR′)—NR′—, —NR′—C(═NR′)—, —OC(O)—NR′—,—NR′—C(O)—O—, —N═C(X^(a))—NR′—, —NR′—C(X^(a))═N—,—P(O)(OR′)—O—,—O—P(O)(OR′)—, —S(O)_(n)CR′R″—, —S(O)_(n)—NR′—,—NR′—, —NR′—S(O)_(n)—,—S—S—, and a covalent bond; where n is 0, 1 or 2; and R, R′ and R″ateach separate occurrence are selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl,alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic;provided at least one of X^(a), Y^(a), Y^(b) or Z is not a covalentbond.
 35. The compound of claim 32 wherein X is an alkylene group havingfrom 3 to 20 carbon atoms; wherein one or more carbon atoms in thealkylene group is optionally replaced with —O—; and wherein the chain isoptionally substituted on carbon with one or more hydroxyl.
 36. Thecompound of claim 32 wherein X is nonane-1,9-diyl, octane-1,8-diyl,propane-1,3-diyl, 2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl, or 5-oxa-nonane-1,9-diyl.37. The compound of claim 32 wherein X has the following formula:

wherein the phenyl ring is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 fluorogroups.
 38. The compound of claim 32 wherein X has one of the followingthe formula:


39. The compound of claim 1 wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) whereinR⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attachedform heterocycle which is substituted with 1 to 5 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of substituted alkyl,alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.
 40. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ isa heterocycle, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substitutedalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl;and R⁴⁷ is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, or —COOR⁵⁰.
 41. The compoundof claim 1 wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is alkylthat is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy,oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl,thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy,substituted thioalkoxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino,alkoxyamino, NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a) and R^(b) may be the same ordifferent and and are chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, and heterocyclic.
 42. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein L₂ is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ isa heterocycle which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substitutedcycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino,aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl,aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy,hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, —SO-alkyl, —SO-substituted alkyl,—SO-aryl, —SO-heteroaryl, —SO₂-alkyl, —SO₂-substituted alkyl, —SO₂-aryl—SO₂-heteroaryl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl,alkynyl, and substituted alkynyl.
 43. The compound of claim 1 wherein L₂is a group of formula (d) wherein R⁴⁶ is 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl,or 3-pyrrolidinyl, which R⁴⁶ is optionally substituted with 1 to 3substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy,substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl,substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substitutedamino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl,keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy,thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy,heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, alkyl,substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, andsubstituted alkynyl.
 44. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form apiperidine or pyrrolidine ring which ring is optionally substituted with1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting ofalkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino,substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, cyano,halogen, hydroxyl, keto, thioketo, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy,thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substitutedthioalkoxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino,alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, andsubstituted alkynyl.
 45. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁷together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form aheterocycle that is an aza-crown ether (e.g. 1-aza-12-crown-4,1-aza-15-crown-5, or 1-aza-18-crown-6).
 46. Compound number 1-643 asdescribed in Table A, Table B, Table C, Table D, Table E, or Table F; ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
 47. Apharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and a compound of claim 1 or
 2. 48. A method of treating adisease mediated by a muscarinic receptor in a mammal, comprisingadministering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of acompound of claim 1 or
 2. 49. The method of claim 48 wherein the diseaseis urinary incontinence, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, asthma,hyper-salivation, a cognitive disorder, blurred vision, or irritablebowel syndrome.
 50. A compound of formula L₁—H wherein L₁, has thevalues defined in claim 1; or a salt thereof
 51. The compound of claim50 which is

or a salt thereof.